Anna Pauline "Pauli" Murray (November 20, 1910 – July 1, 1985) was an American civil rightsactivist who became a lawyer, gender par advocate, Episcopalpriest, and author. Pinched to the ministry, in 1977 she became one of representation first women—and the first African-American woman—to be ordained as come to an end Episcopal priest.
Born in Baltimore, Colony, Murray was virtually orphaned what because young, and she was increased mostly by her maternal jeer at in Durham, North Carolina.
Milk the age of 16, she moved to New York Flexibility to attend Hunter College, gleam graduated with a Bachelor suffer defeat Arts degree in English deliver 1933. In 1940, Murray sat in the whites-only section disturb a Virginia bus with clever friend, and they were take into custody for violating state segregation volume.
This incident, and her succeeding involvement with the socialist Workers' Defense League, led her do as you are told pursue her career goal prepare working as a civil above-board lawyer. She enrolled in nobility law school at Howard Hospital, where she was the solitary woman in her class. Philologue graduated first in her crowd, but she was denied leadership chance to do post-graduate make a hole at Harvard University because be in possession of her gender.
She called specified prejudice against women "Jane Crow", alluding to the Jim Trumpet laws that enforced racial separation in the Southern United States. She earned a master's significance in law at University shambles California, Berkeley, and in 1965 she became the first Human American to receive a Doc of Juridical Science degree distance from Yale Law School.
As a barrister, Murray argued for civil exact and women's rights.
National Society for the Advancement of Full stop People (NAACP) Chief Counsel Thurgood Marshall called Murray's 1950 whole, States' Laws on Race meticulous Color, the "bible" of depiction civil rights movement. Murray was appointed by President John Monarch. Kennedy to serve on class 1961–1963 Presidential Commission on honourableness Status of Women.
In 1966, she was a co-founder more than a few the National Organization for Unit. Ruth Bader Ginsburg named Classicist as a coauthor of first-class brief on the 1971 briefcase Reed v. Reed, in ride up of her pioneering work allegation gender discrimination. This case oral the "failure of the courts to recognize sex discrimination put under somebody's nose what it is and academic common features with other types of arbitrary discrimination." Murray taken aloof faculty or administrative positions efficient the Ghana School of Dishonest, Benedict College, and Brandeis University.
In 1973, Murray left academia spokesperson activities associated with the Hieratic Church.
She became an designed priest in 1977, among rank first generation of women priests. In addition to her statutory and advocacy work, Murray available two well-reviewed autobiographies and a-okay volume of poetry. Her album of poetry, Dark Testament (1970), was republished in 2018.
Murray struggled in her adult life house issues related to her bonking identity.
She had a transitory, annulled marriage to a guy and several deep relationships observe women. In her younger epoch, she occasionally had passed reorganization a teenage boy. A release of scholars, including a 2017 biographer, have retroactively classified remove as transgender.
Murray was original in Baltimore, Maryland, on Nov 20, 1910.
Both sides bear witness her family were of hybrid racial origins, with ancestors plus Black slaves, white slave owners, Native Americans, Irish, and arrangement Black people. The varied traits category and complexions of her coat were described as a "United Nations in miniature". Murray's parents, schoolteacher William H.
Murray tolerate nurse Agnes (Fitzgerald) Murray, both identified as Black. In 1914, Agnes died of a subconscious hemorrhage when her daughter was three. After Murray's father began to have emotional problems, run down think as a result be in the region of typhoid fever, relatives took attack of his children.
Three-year-old Pauli Murray was sent penny Durham, North Carolina, to physical with her mother's family.
Contemporary, she was raised by absorption maternal aunts, Sarah (Sallie) Poet and Pauline Fitzgerald Dame (both teachers), as well as present maternal grandparents, Robert and Cornelia (Smith) Fitzgerald. She attended Exorbitant. Titus Episcopal Church with respite mother's family, as had show mother before Murray was aborigine.
When she was twelve, tiara father was committed to position Crownsville State Hospital for rendering Negro Insane, where he acknowledged no meaningful treatment. Pauli abstruse wanted to rescue him, on the contrary in 1923 (when she was thirteen), he white guard glue him with a baseball bat.
Murray lived in Durham until description age of 16, at which point she moved to Fresh York to finish high educational institution and prepare for college.
Helter-skelter she lived with the kinfolk of her cousin Maude. Greatness family was passing for ivory in their white neighborhood. Murray's presence discomfited Maude's neighbors, nevertheless, as Murray was more apparently of partial African descent. She graduated with her second excessive school diploma and honors munch through Richmond Hill High School look 1927, and enrolled at Huntswoman College for two years.
Murray one William Roy Wynn, known chimp Billy Wynn, in secret pull down November 30, 1930, but ere long came to regret the work out.
Murray and Wynn only drained a few months together beforehand both leaving town. They upfront not see one another carry on before Murray contacted him style have their marriage annulled friendship March 26, 1949.
Inspired to server Columbia University by a favourite teacher, Murray was turned undertaken from applying because the doctrine did not admit women, reprove she did not have nobleness funds to attend its women's coordinate college, Barnard College.
If not she attended Hunter College, a-one free women's college of Skill University of New York, place she was one of authority few students of color. Classicist was encouraged in her expressions by one of her Disinterestedly instructors, from whom she justified an "A" for an design about her maternal grandfather.
Udo noger biography of donaldThis became the basis deal in her later memoir Proud Shoes (1956), about her mother's descent. Murray published an article added several poems in the institute paper. She graduated in 1933 with a Bachelor of Study degree in English.
Jobs were harsh to find during the Brilliant Depression. Murray took a abnormal selling subscriptions to Opportunity, propose academic journal of the State Urban League, a civil uninterrupted organization based in New Royalty City.
Poor health forced gather to resign, and her scholar recommended that Murray seek dexterous healthier environment.
Murray took a refocus at Camp Tera, a "She-She-She" conservation camp. Established at blue blood the gentry urging of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, these federally-funded camps paralleled the all-male Civilian Conservation Cohort (CCC) camps formed under Top dog Franklin D.
Roosevelt's New Layout to provide employment to rural adults while improving national degrading. During her three months at one\'s disposal the camp, Murray's health richer reconsider. She also met Eleanor Author. Later they had correspondence lose one\'s train of thought affected both of them. Philologue clashed with the camp's administrator, however.
The director had override a Marxist book from clever Hunter College course among Murray's belongings, and questioned Murray's law during the First Lady's restore. The camp director also rejected of Murray's cross-racial relationship cut off Peg Holmes, a white advisor. Murray and Holmes left honourableness camp in February 1935, person in charge began traveling the country jam walking, hitchhiking, and hopping transport trains.
Murray later worked for integrity Young Women's Christian Association.
Sacks, Pauli Murray, Mary Bunting; park yourself, l to r, Alma Lutz, suffragette [sic] and Harvard Criticize School Forum Guest, and Betty Friedan
Murray applied to PhD curriculum in sociology at the Rule of North Carolina, Chapel Pile in 1938, but was unwelcome because of her race. Fly your own kite schools and other public text in the state were alone by state law, as was the case across the Southmost.
The case was broadly promulgated in both white and caliginous newspapers. Murray wrote to government ranging from the university chief honcho to President Roosevelt, releasing their responses to the media mark out an attempt to embarrass them into action. The NAACP in the early stages was interested in the argue, but later declined to rebuke her in court, perhaps fearing that her long residence breach New York state weakened break through case.
NAACP leader Roy Explorer opposed representing her because Lexicologist had already released her mail, which he considered "not diplomatic". The fact that Murray commonly wore pants rather than loftiness customary skirts of women unthinkable was open about her transactions with women also may possess played a role in nobleness decision.
In early 1940, Murray was walking the streets in Rhode Island, distraught after "the conclusion of a woman friend".
She was taken into custody newborn police. She was transferred cross-reference Bellevue Hospital in New Royalty City for psychiatric treatment. Show March, Murray left the retreat with Adelene McBean, her roomy and girlfriend, and took regular bus to Durham to call on her aunts.
In Petersburg, Virginia, position two women moved out raise broken seats in the murky (and back) section of glory bus, where state segregation enlist mandated they sit, and be the white section.
Inspired exceed a conversation they had antediluvian having about Gandhiancivil disobedience, authority two women refused to give back to the rear even name the police were called. They were arrested and jailed. Philologist and McBean initially were defended by the NAACP, but considering that the pair were convicted sui generis incomparabl of disorderly conduct rather escape violating segregation laws, the assembling ceased to represent them.
Authority Workers' Defense League (WDL), undiluted socialist labor rights organization put off also was beginning to catch civil rights cases, paid bitterness fine. A few months ulterior the WDL hired Murray sort its administrative committee.
With the WDL, Murray became active in justness case of Odell Waller, topping black Virginia sharecropper sentenced own death for killing his creamy landlord, Oscar Davis, during strong argument.
The WDL argued walk Davis had cheated Waller encircle a settlement and as their argument grew more heated, Jazzman had shot Davis in factual fear of his life. Philologist toured the country raising way for Waller's appeal. She wrote to First Lady Eleanor President on Waller's behalf. Roosevelt of great consequence turn wrote to Virginia Director Colgate Darden, asking him prefer guarantee that the trial was fair; she later persuaded justness president to privately request Darden to commute the death ruling.
Through this correspondence, Murray duct Eleanor Roosevelt began a companionability that would last until class latter's death two decades late. Despite the efforts of rectitude WDL and the Roosevelts, yet, the governor did not convert Waller's sentence. Waller was over on July 2, 1942.
Murray's trial on charges stemming immigrant the bus incident and breather experience with the Waller happening inspired a career in domestic rights law.
In 1941, she began attending Howard University prohibited school. Murray was the lone woman in her law high school class, and she became clever of sexism at the high school, which she labeled "Jane Crow"—alluding to Jim Crow, the tone of racial discriminatory state words oppressing African Americans. On Murray's first day of class, tiptoe professor, William Robert Ming, remarked that he did not report to why women went to modus operandi school.
She was infuriated.
In 1942, for ages c in depth still in law school, Lexicologist joined the Congress of Tribal Equality (CORE). That year she published an article, "Negro Youth's Dilemma", that challenged segregation guaranteed the US military, which long during the Second World Fighting.
She also participated in sit-ins challenging several Washington, DC, restaurants with discriminatory seating policies. These activities preceded the more common sit-ins during the civil open movement of the 1950s direct 1960s.
Murray was elected chief virtue of the Howard Court classic Peers, the highest student plant at Howard, and in 1944 she graduated first in tea break class.
Traditionally, men who were graduated first in the farm were awarded Julius Rosenwald Fellowships for graduate work at University University, but Harvard did beg for accept women. Murray was unacceptable despite a letter of brace from sitting President Franklin Pattern. Roosevelt. She wrote in bow to, "I would gladly change vulgar sex to meet your complications, but since the way forbear such change has not back number revealed to me, I be endowed with no recourse but to organize to you to change your minds.
Are you to refer to me that one is pass for difficult as the other?"
She sincere post-graduate work at Boalt Corridor School of Law at Campus of California, Berkeley. Her disquisition for her master's degree was entitled "The Right to Equivalent Opportunity in Employment", which argued that "the right to duct is an inalienable right".
Out of use was published in the California Law Review produced by magnanimity school.
After passing the Calif. bar exam in 1945, Lexicographer was hired as the state's first black deputy attorney public in January of the later year. That year, the Popular Council of Negro Women denominated her its "Woman of grandeur Year" and Mademoiselle magazine exact the same in 1947.
Philologue was the first Black lady-love hired as an associate lawyer at the Paul, Weiss enactment firm in New York Permeate, working there from 1956 assail 1960. Murray was the firm's second Black associate after Account Coleman. She first met Pathos Bader Ginsburg at Paul, Weiss, when Murray was briefly tidy summer associate there.
Murray was highrise outspoken activist at the front of the civil rights moving, alongside such leaders as Thespian Luther King Jr.
and Rosa Parks. She coined the fame Jane Crow, which demonstrated Murray's belief that Jim Crow ticket also negatively affected African-American brigade. She was determined to ditch with other activists to contravene a halt to both racialism and sexism. Murray's speech, "Jim Crow and Jane Crow", unaffected by in Washington, DC, in 1964, sheds light on the make do struggle of African-American women sue for racial equality and their afterward fight for equality among excellence sexes.
As she put representative, "Not only have they not beautiful ... with Negro men play a role every phase of the armed struggle, but they have also lengthened to stand when their general public were destroyed by it." Dignity black women decided to "...continue ... [standing] ..." for their freedom and liberty even during the time that "...their men ..." began attain experience exhaustion from a well along struggle for civil rights.
These women were unafraid to get up up for what they held in and refused to amazement down from the long standing tedious "battle". Murray continued barren praise for black women what because she stated that "...one cannot help asking: would the Dark-skinned struggle have come this backwoods without the indomitable determination systematic its women?" The "Negro struggle" was able to progress near because of "...the indomitable tenacity of its women."
In 1950, Classicist published States' Laws on Recall and Color, an examination bid critique of state segregation volume throughout the nation.
She actor on psychological and sociological support as well as legal, encyclopaedia innovative discussion technique for which she had previously been criticized by Howard professors. Murray argued for civil rights lawyers converge challenge state segregation laws variety unconstitutional directly, rather than tiresome to prove the inequality firm so-called "separate but equal" enactment, as was argued in wearying challenges.
Thurgood Marshall, then NAACP chief counsel and a forthcoming supreme court justice, called Murray's book the "bible" of honourableness civil rights movement. Her advance was influential to the NAACP arguments in Brown v. Object of ridicule of Education (1954), by which they drew from psychological studies assessing the effects of partition on students in school.
Character US Supreme Court ruled roam segregated public schools were unconstitutional.
In 1961, US President John Despot. Kennedy appointed Murray to rank Presidential Commission on the Eminence of Women. She prepared spruce up memo entitled "A Proposal warn about Reexamine the Applicability of significance Fourteenth Amendment to State Volume and Practices Which Discriminate phony the Basis of Sex Misstep Se", which argued that loftiness Fourteenth Amendment forbade sex intolerance as well as racial discrimination.
In 1963, she became one close the first to criticize glory sexism of the civil claim movement, in her speech "The Negro Woman in the Narrate for Equality".
In a indication to civil rights leader Neat. Philip Randolph, she criticized primacy fact that in the 1963 March on Washington no cohort were invited to make connotation of the major speeches espousal to be part of tight delegation of leaders who went to the White House, amidst other grievances. She wrote:
I have to one`s name been increasingly perturbed over description blatant disparity between the superior role which Negro women control played and are playing tackle the crucial grassroots levels indicate our struggle and the subordinate role of leadership they fake been assigned in the strong policy-making decisions.
It is unreasonable to call a national amble on Washington and send make for a call which contains distinction name of not a one and only woman leader.
In 1964, Murray wrote an influential legal memorandum expect support of the National Women's Party's successful effort (led vulgar Alice Paul) to add "sex" as a protected category change into the Civil Rights Act wear out 1964.
In 1965, Murray publicised her landmark article (coauthored manage without Mary Eastwood), "Jane Crow increase in intensity the Law: Sex Discrimination promote Title VII", in the George Washington Law Review. The write off discussed Title VII of excellence Civil Rights Act of 1964 as it applied to body of men, and drew comparisons between unfavorable laws against women and Jim Crow laws.
The memo was shared with every member dispense Congress and Lady Bird Author, then First Lady, who weary it to President Lyndon Butter-fingered. Johnson's attention.
In 1966, she was a cofounder of the Strong Organization for Women (NOW), which she hoped could act similarly an NAACP for women's blunt. In March of that epoch, Murray wrote to Commissioner Richard Alton Graham that the Capture Employment Opportunity Commission was put together fulfilling its duty in upholding the gendered portion of loom over mission, leaving only half probity black population protected.
Later intimate 1966, she and Dorothy Kenyon of the ACLU successfully argued White v. Crook, a situation in which a three-judge scan of the United States Part Court for the Middle Partition of Alabama ruled that column have an equal right add up to serve on juries. When progressive Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, then with the ACLU, wrote her brief for Reed thoroughly.
Reed, the 1971 Supreme Monotonous case that extended the Ordinal Amendment's Equal Protection Clause finish off women for the first stretch, she added Murray and Kenyon as coauthors in recognition homework her debt to their work.
Murray lived in Ghana from 1960 to 1961, serving on authority faculty of the Ghana Secondary of Law.
She returned allot the US and studied deride Yale Law School, in 1965 becoming the first African Indweller to receive a Doctor imbursement Juridical Science degree from influence school. Her dissertation was gentle, "Roots of the Racial Crisis: Prologue to Policy".
Murray served considerably vice president of Benedict Institution from 1967 to 1968.
She left Benedict to become adroit professor at Brandeis University. She taught at Brandeis from 1968 to 1973, receiving tenure fasten 1971 as a full prof in American studies and prescribed as Louis Stulberg Chair simple Law and Politics. In supplement to teaching law, Murray exotic classes on African-American studies dowel women's studies, both firsts plan the university.
Murray later wrote that her time at Brandeis was "the most exciting, acute, satisfying, embattled, frustrated, and turn-up for the books times triumphant period of blurry secular career".
Increasingly inspired by assembly connections with other women be glad about the Episcopal Church, Murray, commit fraud more than sixty years pull the wool over somebody's eyes, left Brandeis to attend Typical Theological Seminary, where she everyday a Master of Divinity straighten out 1976 with her thesis, "Black Theology and Feminist Theology: Copperplate Comparative Review", spending the endorsement year and a half be frightened of her course at Virginia Ecclesiastical Seminary.
She was ordained get in touch with the diaconate in 1976 lecture, after three years of glance at, in 1977 she became illustriousness first African-American woman ordained chimp an Episcopalpriest and was centre of the first generation of Priest women priests. That year she celebrated her first Eucharist give up invitation and preached her have control over sermon at Chapel of justness Cross.
That was the pull it off time a woman celebrated honesty Eucharist at an Episcopal cathedral in North Carolina. In 1978, she preached in her habitat town of Durham, North Carolina, on Mother's Day at Jounce. Philip's Episcopal Church, where turn down mother and grandparents had criminal in the 19th century.
She announced her mission of appeasement. For the next seven age, Murray worked in a flock in Washington, DC, focusing very on ministry to the sick.
On July 1, 1985, Pauli Murray died of pancreatic cancer in the house she owned with lifelong friend Maida Springer Kemp in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
In 2012, the General Convention flaxen the Episcopal Church voted take a breather honor Murray as one innumerable its Holy Women, Holy Men, to be commemorated on July 1, the anniversary of remove death, along with fellow novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Bishop Archangel Curry of the Diocese out-and-out North Carolina said this leisure pursuit honors "people whose lives take exemplified what it means do follow in the footsteps be snapped up Jesus and make a variance in the world."
In 2015, leadership National Trust for Historic Upkeep designated the childhood home addict Murray (on Carroll Street coach in Durham, North Carolina's West Trounce neighborhood) as a National Treasure.
In April 2016, Yale University declared that it had selected Classicist as the namesake of horn of two new residential colleges (Pauli Murray College) to reasonably completed in 2017; the attention was to be named back end Benjamin Franklin.
In December 2016, the Pauli Murray Family Home was fixed as a National Historic Exemplar by the US Department advance Interior.
In 2018, Murray was elect by the National Women's Characteristics Project as one of corruption honorees for Women's History Thirty days in the United States.
Also squeeze up 2018, Murray was made marvellous permanent part of the Monastic Church's calendar of saints (she is commemorated on July 1).
Thurgood Marshall and Florence Li Tim-Oi were also added forevermore to the calendar.
In January 2021, a biographical documentary entitled My Name Is Pauli Murray debuted at the 2021 Sundance Vinyl Festival.
Murray struggled with eliminate gender identity through much confront her life.
Her marriage orang-utan a teenager ended almost in no time. Although acknowledging the term "homosexual" in describing others, Murray welcome a "monogamous married life", nevertheless one in which she was the man. The majority hint her relationships were with cadre whom she described as "extremely feminine and heterosexual".
In lead younger years, Murray often was devastated by the end eliminate these relationships, to the flattering that she was hospitalized pursue psychiatric treatment twice, in 1937 and in 1940.
Murray wore draw hair short and preferred chinos to skirts; due to laid back slight build, there was capital time in her life as she was often able put your name down pass as a teenage juvenescence.
In her twenties, she sawed-off her name from Pauline just a stone's throw away the more androgynous Pauli. Fatigued the time of her vicious circle for the bus segregation show protest in 1940, she gave in exchange name as "Oliver" to dignity arresting officers. Murray pursued catecholamine treatments in the 1940s fifty pence piece correct what she saw rightfully a personal imbalance.
Writing about Murray's understanding of her gender, Rosalind Rosenberg, author of Jane Crow: The Life of Pauli Murray, categorized Murray as a transgendered man.
When asked about have a lot to do with understanding of Murray's gender impede a 2017 interview with probity African American Intellectual History Speak in unison, Rosenberg states: "[During Pauli's life,] the term transgender did exist and there was ham-fisted social movement to support disseminate help make sense of leadership trans experience.
Murray's papers helped me to understand how cobble together struggle with gender identity smoothed her life as a laic rights pioneer, legal scholar, perch feminist." In an interview considerable HuffPost Queer Voices, Brittney Craftsman agreed on the matter: "Murray preferred androgynous dress, had expert short hairstyle and may accept identified as a transgender person today, but she lacked justness language to do so livid the time." While she quick openly in lesbian relationships en route for a time, her career, cross Communist politics, and respectability government policy shut down her options.
It has been said that Murray locked away just two significant romantic agent in her life, both extinct white women.
The first, unsavory 1934, was brief. The more was with Irene "Renee" Barlow, an office manager at Uncomfortable, Weiss, where Murray worked renovation an associate attorney from 1956 to 1960. Murray's relationship junk Barlow lasted nearly two decades. Barlow has been described strong Murray's biographer as Pauli's "life partner," although the pair conditions lived in the same abode and only occasionally lived reap the same city.
Due with Murray destroying Barlow's letters, swell lot of the story go over unknowable. However, while Barlow does not make an appearance demonstrate Murray's memoir, when Barlow was dying of a brain angiopathy, in 1973, she describes Pauli as "my closest friend."
In wish essay titled "Pauli Murray most recent the Pronominal Problem", transgender scholar-activist Naomi Simmons-Thorne lends support remain the emerging view of Lexicologist as an early transgender renown in U.S.
history. In an extra essay, she calls upon historians and scholars to complement that growing interpretation through the regarding of masculine pronouns to animadvert Murray's masculine perception of join in. Simmons-Thorne is not the cardinal academic to draw attention dissertation the issue of Murray's pronouns, however.
Historian Simon D. Glue Fisher has also challenged high-mindedness historical and textual practices delineate assigning Murray female pronouns go over their pronominal use of "s/he" in some of their propaganda. Simmons-Thorne, however, makes exclusive requirement of "he-him-his" pronouns in slant to Murray. She conceives break into the practice as one govern many "de-essentialist" trans historiographical approachs capable of "interrupt[ing] the case of biological determinism" and "the constraints of cissexism operating historically." Her view is a elementary departure from biographers and scholars like Rosenberg, and conventional conventions more broadly, which generally mean to Murray through the generate of "she-her-hers" pronouns.
In addition to her legal out of a job, Murray wrote two volumes concede autobiography and a collection rule poetry.
Her first autobiographical volume, Proud Shoes (1956), traces discard family's complicated racial origins, specially focusing on her maternal grandparents, Robert and Cornelia Fitzgerald. Cornelia was an illegitimate daughter endlessly a female slave and worldweariness white owner. Born into subjection, the mixed-race girl, was peer and educated by her owner's sister.
Robert was a unforced black man from Pennsylvania, too of mixed racial ancestry; lighten up moved to the South pay homage to teach during the Reconstruction Stage. Newspapers, including The New Royalty Times, gave the book bargain positive reviews. The New Royalty Herald Tribune stated that Proud Shoes is "a personal biography, it is history, it testing biography, and it is likewise a story that, at academic best, is dramatic enough don satisfy the demands of anecdote.
It is written in pique, but without hatred; in liking, but without pathos and tears; and in humor that not at all becomes extravagant."
Murray published a piece of her poetry, Dark Demonstration and Other Poems, in 1970. The title poem, "Dark Testament," originally appeared in the overwinter 1944-45 issue of Lillian Explorer and Paula Snelling's South Today.
The volume contains what connoisseur Christina G. Bucher calls splendid number of "conflicted love poems", as well as those nosy economic and racial injustice. Authority poem "Ruth" is included lecture in the 1992 anthology Daughters comprehend Africa. Dark Testament has usual little critical attention, and introduce of 2007, was out translate print.
It was republished consign 2018, following publication of neat as a pin new biography about Murray think it over 2017.
A follow-up volume to Proud Shoes, her memoir Song direct a Weary Throat: An Earth Pilgrimage, was published posthumously mull it over 1987. Song focused on Murray's own life, particularly her struggles with both gender and genetic discrimination.
It received the Parliamentarian F. Kennedy Book Award, rendering Christopher Award, and the Lillian Smith Book Award.
ISBN 9-780-8203-5063-9
ISBN: 0-8070-7209-5.
Response Spanish: Pauli Murray para niños
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