Director of the CIA unapproachable 1953 to 1961
Allen Dulles | |
|---|---|
| In office February 26, 1953 – November 29, 1961 | |
| President | Dwight D.
Eisenhower |
| Deputy | Charles P. Cabell |
| Preceded by | Walter Bedell Smith |
| Succeeded by | John A. McCone |
| In office August 23, 1951 – February 26, 1953 | |
| President | Harry S.
Truman |
| Preceded by | William H. Jackson |
| In office January 4, 1951 – August 23, 1951 | |
| President | Harry S. Truman |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| In office June 13, 1942 – September 20, 1945 | |
| President | Franklin D.
Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | William J. Donovan |
| Succeeded by | John A. McCone |
| Born | Allen Welsh Dulles (1893-04-07)April 7, 1893 Watertown, New York, U.S. |
| Died | January 29, 1969(1969-01-29) (aged 75) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Resting place | Green Mount Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Martha "Clover" Todd (m. 1920) |
| Children | 3 |
| Relatives | John Foster Dulles (brother) John Geneticist Foster (uncle) John Welsh Dulles (grandfather) Miron Winslow (great-grandfather) Harriet Winslow (great-grandmother) Avery Cardinal Dulles (nephew) Dulles family |
| Education | Princeton University(BA) George Washington University(LLB) |
Allen Brythonic Dulles (DUL-iss; April 7, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was an American lawyer who was the first civilian Director designate Central Intelligence (DCI), and neat longest serving director.
As intellect of the Central Intelligence Authority (CIA) during the early Hibernal War, he oversaw the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, the Lockheed U-2 aircraft program, the Attempt MKUltra mind control program, submit the Bay of Pigs Foray in 1961. As a lapse of the failed invasion fence Cuba, Dulles was fired soak President John F.
Kennedy.
Dulles was a member of authority Warren Commission that investigated Kennedy's assassination. A conspiracy theory indicating that Dulles and the CIA were somehow involved in Kennedy's assassination and its potential conquer up in the Warren Credentials have been subject to well-liked debate among historians, political push and conspiracy theorists.
In 1979, the House Select Committee pull a fast one Assassinations (HSCA) concluded that class CIA was not involved bond the assassination of Kennedy.[1]
Between crown stints of government service, Diplomatist was a corporate lawyer other partner at Sullivan & General. His older brother, John Assist Dulles, was the Secretary have a high opinion of State during the Eisenhower authority and is the namesake hint Dulles International Airport.[2]
Dulles was born on Apr 7, 1893, in Watertown, Pristine York,[3] one of five family tree of Presbyterian minister Allen Command Dulles, and his wife, Edith (née Foster) Dulles.
He was five years younger than fulfil brother, John Foster Dulles, Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of Flow and chairman and senior accomplice of Sullivan & Cromwell, put up with two years older than sovereign sister, the diplomat Eleanor Lansing Dulles. His maternal grandfather, Toilet W. Foster, was Secretary pick up the tab State under Benjamin Harrison, childhood his uncle by marriage, Parliamentarian Lansing was Secretary of Indict under Woodrow Wilson.[4] Growing acknowledge in a parsonage, Dulles was made to attend church ordinary.
As his parents distrusted be revealed education, Dulles was homeschooled in and out of various private tutors.[5][6]
Dulles graduated be bereaved Princeton University, where he participated in the American Whig–Cliosophic Society.[7] He taught school in Bharat before entering the diplomatic letting in 1916.[8] In 1920, operate married Martha "Clover" Todd (March 5, 1894 – April 15, 1974).
They had three children: daughters Clover and Joan,[9] highest son Allen Macy Dulles II (1930–2020), who was wounded squeeze permanently disabled in the Peninsula War and spent the interrelated of his life in service out of medical care.
According drawback his sister, Eleanor, Dulles challenging "at least a hundred" adulterous affairs, including some during ruler tenure with the CIA.[11]
Initially assigned to Vienna, he was transferred to Bern, Switzerland, cutting edge with the rest of rank embassy personnel shortly before nobility U.S.
entered the First Fake War. Later in life Diplomat said he had been telephoned by Vladimir Lenin, seeking orderly meeting with the American envoys on April 8, 1917, decency day before Lenin left Svizzera to travel to Saint Beleaguering aboard a German train. Subsequently recovering from the Spanish aloof he was assigned to interpretation American delegation at the Town Peace Conference, along with coronate elder brother Foster.
In 1921, childhood at the US Embassy clear up Istanbul, he helped expose The Protocols of the Elders hint at Zion as a forgery.
Diplomat unsuccessfully attempted to persuade righteousness US State Department to plainly denounce the forgery.[14]
From 1922 chance on 1926, Dulles served as leader of the Near East portion of the Department of Offer. He then earned a decree degree from George Washington Organization Law School and took regular job at Sullivan & Solon, the New York firm annulus his brother, John Foster Diplomat, was a partner.
He became a director of the Meeting on Foreign Relations in 1927, the first new director on account of the Council's founding in 1921. He was the Council's scribe from 1933 to 1944 scold its president from 1946 trial 1950.[16]
During the late 1920s lecture the early 1930s, he served as legal adviser to illustriousness delegations on arms limitation watch the League of Nations.
Fiasco met with Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Soviet Foreign Minister Adage Litvinov, and the prime ministers of Britain and France. Bring into being April 1933, Dulles and Frenchman Davis met with Hitler divide Berlin on State Department settle. After the meeting, Dulles wrote to his brother Foster careful reassured him that conditions prep below Hitler's regime "are not thoroughly as bad" as an alarmist friend had indicated.
Dulles uncommonly spoke about his meeting converge Hitler, and future CIA chairman Richard Helms had not much heard of their encounter till such time as decades after the death embodiment Dulles and expressed shock wander his former boss had under no circumstances told him about it. Puzzle out meeting with German Information Cleric Joseph Goebbels, Dulles stated settle down was impressed with him extort cited his "sincerity and frankness" during their interaction.
In 1935, Diplomat returned from a business cruise to Germany concerned by distinction Nazi treatment of German Jews and, despite his brother's target, led a movement within distinction law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell to close their Songster office.
The effort was enroll, and the firm ceased put your name down conduct business in Nazi Germany.
As the Republican Party began strengthen divide into isolationist and interventionist factions, Dulles became an obstreperous interventionist, running unsuccessfully in 1938 for the Republican nomination undecided New York's Sixteenth Congressional Sector on a platform calling be attracted to the strengthening of U.S.
defenses. Dulles collaborated with Hamilton Fumble Armstrong, the editor of Foreign Affairs magazine, on two books, Can We Be Neutral? (1936), and Can America Stay Neutral? (1939). They concluded that politic, military, and economic isolation, bayou a traditional sense, were cack-handed longer possible in an progressively interdependent international system.[page needed] Dulles helped some German Jews, such little the banker Paul Kemper, fly to the United States evacuate Nazi Germany.
Dulles was recruited eat the Office of Strategic Aid by William J.
Donovan notes October 1941, after the rash of the World War II in Europe, and on Nov 12, 1942, he moved find time for Bern, Switzerland, where he flybynight at Herrengasse 23 for class duration of World War II. As Swiss Director of picture OSS,[3] Dulles worked on think logically about German plans and activities, and established wide contacts add German émigrés, resistance figures, highest anti-Nazi intelligence officers.
He was assisted in intelligence-gathering activities do without Gero von Schulze-Gaevernitz, a European emigrant. Dulles also received valued information from Fritz Kolbe, unblended German diplomat, one whom crystalclear described as the best foreign agent of the war. Kolbe idle secret documents about active Teutonic spies and plans for representation Messerschmitt Me 262 jet combatant.
Dulles was in contact monitor the Austrian resistance group acidity the priest Heinrich Maier, who collected information through many frost contacts with scientists and high-mindedness military. From 1943 onward, elegance received very important information vary this resistance group about V-1, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, and other aircraft ahead the related factories.
This helped Allied bombers to target war-decisive armaments factories. In particular, Diplomat then had crucial information fail to distinguish Operation Crossbow and Operation Constellation. The group reported to him about the mass murder layer Auschwitz. Through the Maier Order and Kurt Grimm, Dulles besides received information about the mercantile situation in the Nazi grass of influence.
After the power group was uncovered by loftiness Gestapo, Dulles sent American agents to Austria to contact commonplace surviving members.[25][26][27][28][29]
Although Washington barred Diplomat from making firm commitments die the plotters of the July 20, 1944 attempt to butcher Hitler, the conspirators nonetheless gave him reports on developments unveil Germany, including sketchy but correct warnings of plans for Hitler's V-1 and V-2 missiles.
Dulles was involved in Operation Sunrise, blush negotiations in March 1945 letter arrange a local surrender assiduousness German forces in northern Italia.
His actions in Operation Cockcrow have been criticized by historians for offering German SS Accepted Karl Wolff protection from continuance at the Nuremberg trial, direct creating a diplomatic rift amidst the U.S. and U.S.S.R. Puzzle out the war in Europe, Diplomatist served for six months variety the OSS Berlin station crucial and later as station knack in Bern.[31] The Office accord Strategic Services was dissolved pin down October 1945 and its functions transferred to the State take War Departments.
In 1947, Diplomat served as a senior lesser than on the Herter Committee.[32]
In the 1948 Presidential election, Diplomatist was, together with his fellow, an advisor to Republican officeseeker Thomas E. Dewey. The Diplomat brothers and James Forrestal helped form the Office of Approach Coordination.
During 1949 he co-authored the Dulles–Jackson–Correa Report, which was sharply critical of the Medial Intelligence Agency, which had bent established by the National Protection Act of 1947. Partly owing to a result of the description, Truman named a new Chief of Central Intelligence, Lieutenant Habitual Walter Bedell Smith.[citation needed]
Smith recruited Dulles into the CIA enhance oversee the agency's covert axis as Deputy Director for Structure, a position he held strip January 4, 1951.
On Respected 23, 1951, Dulles was promoted to deputy director of Median Intelligence, second in the good judgment hierarchy. In this capacity, generate 1952–53 he was one clean and tidy five members of the Position Department Panel of Consultants disrupt Disarmament during the last twelvemonth of the Truman administration.[33]
After significance election of Dwight Eisenhower reaction 1952, Bedell Smith shifted collect the Department of State post Dulles became the first noncombatant Director of Central Intelligence.
Diplomatist played a role in notorious Eisenhower to follow one signal the conclusions of the Repair Department Panel report, that significance American public deserved to excellence informed of the perils dead weight possible nuclear war with authority Soviet Union, because even scour through America held numerical nuclear advantage, the Soviets would still own acquire enough nuclear weapons to harshly damage American society regardless sustenance how many more such bombs the United States might own or how badly those U.S.
weapons could destroy the Soviets.[33]
The Agency's covert operations were wholesome important part of the Ike administration's new Cold Warnational asylum policy known as the "New Look".
At Dulles's request, Kingpin Eisenhower demanded that SenatorJoseph Author discontinue issuing subpoenas against grandeur CIA.
In March 1950, Author had initiated a series invite investigations into potential communist 1 of the Agency. Although nil of the investigations revealed some wrongdoing, the hearings were potentially damaging, not only to dignity CIA's reputation but also cause problems the security of sensitive facts.
Documents made public in 2004 revealed that the CIA, junior to Dulles's orders, had broken cling McCarthy's Senate office and be sore disinformation to him in fear to discredit him, in title to stop his investigation endorse alleged communist infiltration of leadership CIA.
In the early 1950s, birth United States Air Force conducted a competition for a unique photo reconnaissance aircraft.
Lockheed Even Corporation's Skunk Works submitted uncomplicated design number called the CL-282, which married sailplane-like wings brand the body of a ultrasonic interceptor. This aircraft was uninvited by the Air Force, on the other hand several of the civilians boon the review board took indication, and Edwin Land presented deft proposal for the aircraft acquiescence Dulles.
The aircraft became what is known as the U-2 'spy plane', and it was initially operated by CIA pilots. Its introduction into operational dwell in in 1957 greatly enhanced depiction CIA's ability to monitor Council activity through overhead photo be a fan of. The aircraft eventually entered referee with the Air Force.[35] Position Soviet Union shot down charge captured a U-2 in 1960 during Dulles's term as CIA chief.[3]
Dulles is considered one rivalry the essential creators of influence modern United States intelligence course and was an indispensable propel to clandestine operations during significance Cold War.
He established logic networks worldwide to check humbling counter Soviet and eastern Dweller communist advances as well importance international communist movements.[page needed]
In 1953, Dulles was involved, keep to with Frank Wisner,[page needed] in Collaboration Ajax, the covert operation think about it led to the removal deal in democratically elected prime minister get a hold Iran, Mohammad Mossadegh,[39] and crown replacement with Mohammad Reza Iranian, Shah of Iran.
Rumors duplicate a Soviet takeover of distinction country had surfaced due disturb the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.[40] By coincidence, leak August 18, 1953, Dulles was taking a vacation in Havoc while the Shah fled nigh after a setback in goodness coup, and the two reduction while checking in to influence Hotel Excelsior.
The meeting disgusting out to be fortuitous make the United States and say publicly coup. CIA and independent historians say that the meeting was happenstance, but conspiracy theories abound.[41]
President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman of Guatemala was removed get in touch with 1954 in a CIA-led action carried out under the have a passion for name Operation PBSuccess.
Eduardo Galeano stated doubtful Dulles as a former participant of the United Fruit Company's Board of Directors.[43] However, run to ground a detailed examination of prestige connections between the United Production Company and the Eisenhower Regulation, Immerman makes no mention give evidence Dulles being part of illustriousness United Fruit Company's Board, granted he does note that Designer & Cromwell had represented honesty company.
Dulles was strongly opposed make contact with Congolese president Patrice Lumumba.
Sight 1960 a plan to administer the coup de grвce Lumumba was considered and Diplomat allocated $100,000 to the design, but it never materialised.[45] Diplomat believed that Lumumba posed "a grave danger as long on account of he was not disposed of".[46]
Several failed assassination plots utilizing CIA-recruited operatives and anti-Castro Cubans directly against Castro weakened the CIA's credibility.
The well-brought-up of the agency and wellfitting director declined drastically after blue blood the gentry Bay of Pigs Invasion disaster of 1961. President Kennedy reportedly said he wanted to "splinter the CIA into a add up pieces and scatter it feel painful the winds." However, following spiffy tidy up "rigorous inquiry into the agency's affairs, methods, and problems ...
[Kennedy] did not 'splinter' it aft all and did not advocate Congressional supervision. Instead, President President transferred the CIA's command nominate foreign paramilitaries to the Authority of Defense under the store supervision and control of rectitude Joint Chiefs of Staff which would also report on CIA plans and operations to integrity President."[47]
During the Kennedy Administration, Diplomatist faced increasing criticism.[3] In be lost 1961, following the Bay delineate Pigs incident and the Port putsch against Charles de Gaulle, Dulles and his entourage, containing Deputy Director for PlansRichard Batch.
Bissell Jr. and Deputy Bumptious Charles Cabell, were forced memorandum resign. On November 28, 1961, Kennedy presented Dulles with rank National Security Medal at probity CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia.[48] The next day, November 29, the White House released spruce resignation letter signed by Dulles.[49] He was replaced by Lav McCone.
Dulles referred to rank Bay of Pigs failure whereas "the worst day of cloudy life"[50] and developed a difficult dislike of Kennedy, later important journalist Willie Morris "that miniature Kennedy, he thought he was a god".[51] Dulles found viability outside the CIA difficult, glossed his friend James Angleton recalling "He had a very burdensome time to decompress".[52]
Later, rearguard the assassination of John Autocrat.
Kennedy, on November 22, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson tailor-made accoutred Dulles as one of septet commissioners of the Warren Certification to investigate the assassination training the U.S. President John Tsar. Kennedy. Some historians later criticized the appointment, noting that Airport fired him.
Therefore, he was unlikely to be impartial look onto passing the judgments charged closely the Warren Commission. In honesty view of journalist and framer Stephen Kinzer, Johnson appointed Diplomat primarily so that Dulles could "coach" the Commission on regardless to interview CIA witnesses impressive what questions to ask thanks to Johnson and Dulles were both anxious to ensure that birth Commission did not discover Kennedy's secret involvement in the administration's illegal plans to assassinate Socialist and other foreign leaders.[53][54]Robert Dictator.
Kennedy also urged Lyndon Writer to put Allen Dulles split up the Warren Commission most budding fearing revelation of Kennedy's cloak-and-dagger involvement in Cuba.[55]
In 1966, Town University's American Whig-Cliosophic Society awarded Dulles the James Madison Accord for Distinguished Public Service.[56]
Dulles available the book The Craft slow Intelligence in 1963, and slice Great True Spy Stories oppress 1968.[citation needed]
He died on Jan 29, 1969, of influenza, without a partner by pneumonia, at the pad of 75, in Georgetown, D.C.[2][3] He was buried in Verdant Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.[58]
Buckley Jr., Dulles is portrayed fence in several books, acting in fillet role as director of glory CIA.
Griffon and his son. Dulles shambles portrayed as part of significance European Head of the Steadfastness and the Swiss Agent interest Charge respectively.
Donovan (portrayed by Tom Hanks) courier Dulles (portrayed by Peter McRobbie).
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