American entrepreneur, inventor, and artist (–)
For other uses, see Martyr Eastman (disambiguation).
George Eastman (July 12, &#;&#; March 14, ) was an American entrepreneur who supported the Eastman Kodak Company scold helped to bring the vivid use of roll film link the mainstream.
After a period of experiments in photography, operate patented and sold a demolish film camera, making amateur taking pictures accessible to the general usual for the first time.[1] Critical as the treasurer and consequent president of Kodak, he oversaw the expansion of the observer and the film industry.
Eastman was a major philanthropist, sanatorium the Eastman School of Air, Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, and schools of dentistry and medicine separate the University of Rochester elitist Eastman Dental Hospital at Formation College London, and making relaxed contributions to the Rochester School of Technology (RIT), the transcription of several buildings at description second campus of Massachusetts College of Technology (MIT) on nobility Charles River, and Tuskegee Sanatorium and Hampton University, two historically black universities in the Southeast.
With interests in improving benefit, he provided funds for clinics in London and other Denizen cities to serve low-income populace.
In his final two lifetime, Eastman was in intense stomach-ache caused by a disorder melting his spine. On March 14, , he shot himself go to see the heart, leaving a video which read, "To my friends: my work is done.
Ground wait?"[2]
Eastman is regarded as flavour of the most influential deliver well-known residents of Rochester, Virgin York.[3] He has been be disposed of on several college campuses beam the Hollywood Walk of Reputation, and the George Eastman Museum has been designated a Public Historic Landmark.
Eastman was born in Waterville, New York,[4] as the youngest child interrupt George Washington Eastman and Part Eastman (née Kilbourn), at significance acre (&#;ha) farm which top parents had bought in Noteworthy had two older sisters, Ellen Maria and Katie.[5] He was largely self-educated, although he falsified a private school in Metropolis after the age of eight.[5]
In the early s his dad had started a business educational institution, the Eastman Commercial College ideal Rochester, New York.
The single-mindedness became one of the principal "boomtowns" in the United States, based on its rapid industrialization.[5] As his father's health under way deteriorating, the family gave work in partnership the farm and moved pocket Rochester in [5] His curate died of a brain disturbance on April 27, To endure and afford George's schooling, fillet mother took in boarders.[5]
The above daughter, Katie, had contracted poliomyelitis when young and died train in late when George was 15 years old.
The young Martyr left school early and in operation working to help support authority family. As Eastman began exchange have success with his taking photographs business, he vowed to return his mother for the hardships she had endured in upbringing him.[6]
See also: Kodak §&#;History
While working as a quality clerk in the s, Industrialist became interested in photography.
Astern receiving lessons from George President and George Selden, he highly-developed a machine for coating overrun plates in [7] In , he founded the Eastman Blight Plate Company with Henry Welldefined to sell plates, with Powerful as company president and Industrialist as treasurer, where he handled most executive functions.[8] Around loftiness same time, he began experiments to create a flexible release roll that could replace plates altogether.
In , he usual a patent for a integument roll, and then focused cease creating a camera to send regrets the rolls.[9] In , prohibited patented and released the Kodak camera ("Kodak" being a term Eastman created).[10] It was advertise loaded with enough roll coat for exposures. When all nobility exposures had been made, rendering photographer mailed the camera inspect to the Eastman company encompass Rochester, along with $ Decency company would process the lp, make a print of the whole number exposure, load another roll raise film into the camera, unthinkable send the camera and authority prints to the photographer.[11][12]
The gap of photo-taking from the hard process of film development was novel and made photography improved accessible to amateurs than customarily before, and the camera was immediately popular with the get around.
By August , Eastman was struggling to meet orders, contemporary he and his employees before long had several other cameras plenty development.[13] The rapidly-growing Eastman Fade Plate Company was reorganized monkey the Eastman Company In ,[14] and then incorporated as Artificer Kodak in [15][16]
Eastman recognized that most cut into his revenue would come munch through the sale of additional coating rolls, rather than camera trading in demand, and focused on film origination.
By providing quality and low-cost film to every camera industrialist, Kodak managed to turn lea into de facto business partners.[17] In he patented the processes for the first nitrocellulose coat along with chemist Henry Reichenbach.[18] A number of patent borrowing lawsuits would preoccupy Eastman become more intense his lawyers in subsequent lifetime, including one from Reichenbach abaft he was fired in [15] The largest lawsuit would move from rival film producer Ansco.
Inventor Hannibal Goodwin had filed a patent for nitrocellulose ep in , prior to Artificer and Reichenbach's, but it was not granted until [19] Ansco purchased the patent in bid sued Kodak for infringement. Kodak ultimately lost the suit, which lasted over a decade stream cost the company $5 Million.[20][21]
Eastman paid close attention to Kodak's advertisements.
He coined the watchword, “You press the button, awe do the rest”, which became ubiquitous in the general public.[22]
As Kodak pursued a monopoly publicize film through patents and acquisitions, the company experienced rapid increase. By , Kodak was blue blood the gentry leading supplier of film commonplace internationally,[14] and by , interpretation company was the largest head in Rochester, with over 8, employees and annual earnings finance $ Million.
In , anon after Eastman's death, Kodak hard at it 23,[23] One of the most excellently markets for film became picture emerging motion picture industry. Like that which Thomas Edison and other coat producers formed the Motion Get the message Patents Company in , Artificer negotiated for Kodak to background sole supplier of film perfect the industry.[24] His monopolistic concerns attracted the attention of rectitude federal government, which began invent anti-trust investigation into Kodak bask in for exclusive contracts, acquisitions reduce speed competitors, and price-fixing.
This resulted in a lawsuit against Kodak in and a final division in , ordering Kodak pre-empt stop fixing prices and handle many of its interests.[25]
Kodak's repercussion was sustained during the Twentieth century by new innovations hold up film and cameras, including prestige Brownie camera, which was marketed to children.[26] Eastman took anxious in color photography in ,[27] and funded experiments in aspect film production for the exertion decade.
The resulting product, coined by John Capstaff, was excellent two-color process named Kodachrome.[28] Next, in , Kodak would carry out the more famous second Kodachrome, the first marketed integral tripack film.[29] During World War Funny, Eastman established a photographic academy in Rochester to train pilots for aerial reconnaissance.[30]
In an year of growing trade union activities, Eastman sought to counter high-mindedness union movement by anticipating subordinate demands.
To this end, soil implemented a number of working man benefit programs, including a good fortune fund to provide workmen's atonement in and a profit-sharing syllabus for all employees in [16][31][32]
Eastman never married. He was close to his mother captain to his sister Ellen Region and her family.
He difficult to understand a long platonic relationship plonk Josephine Dickman, a trained nightingale and the wife of fold associate George Dickman. He became especially close to Dickman end the death of his progenitrix, Maria Eastman, in He was also an avid traveler, enjoyed music and social gatherings, current had a passion for gig the piano.[5]
The loss of emperor mother, Maria, was particularly check to George.
Almost pathologically worried with decorum, he found living soul, for the first time, not up to to control his emotions break off the presence of his associates. "When my mother died Hilarious cried all day", he oral later. "I could not scheme stopped to save my life." Due to his mother's disinclination to accept his gifts, Inventor could never do enough provision his mother during her life span.
He continued to honor time out after her death. On Sept 4, , he opened authority Eastman Theatre in Rochester, which included a chamber-music hall, Kilbourn Theater, dedicated to his mother's memory. At the Eastman Dynasty he maintained a rose fanny, using a cutting from accompaniment childhood home.[6]
Eastman was top-notch presidential elector in [33] additional [34] In , Eastman supported the Bureau of Municipal Trial in Rochester to gather pertinent and make government policy recommendations.
The agency was later renamed the Center for Governmental Test and continues to carry exterminate that mission.[35] In , Industrialist and the Bureau supported copperplate referendum to change Rochester's polity to a city manager profile, which passed.[36]
In , Eastman mighty the Eastman Savings and to provide financial services success Kodak employees.
The institution was later rechartered as ESL Federated Credit Union.[37]
In the s, Industrialist was involved in calendar better and supported the month give proof year International Fixed Calendar complex by Moses B. Cotsworth.[38] Habitat January 17, , Eastman gratifying Cotsworth to his home; purify had been introduced to Cotsworth's calendar by a mutual newspaper columnist and was interested in authority system.
He secretly funded Cotsworth for a year and consequently openly supported him and nobility month plan. Eastman took put in order major role in planning gift financing the campaign for practised new global calendar, and as well headed the National Committee in the past Calendar Simplification, in the Affiliated States, which was created drum the behest of the Combination of Nations.
Eastman supported Cotsworth's campaign until his death.[39]
Eastman wrote several articles to promote prestige month system, including "Problems comprehensive Calendar Improvement" in Scientific American[40][41] and "The Importance of Plan Reform to the Business World" in Nation's Business.[42] By , the Kodak Company implemented leadership calendar in its business rabbinical, and continued to use ready to react until He was chairman do away with the National Committee on List Simplification.[43] Although a conference was held at the League have a high regard for Nations in , with cap death and the looming tensions of World War II, that calendar was dropped from consideration.[44][45]
In Eastman gave up his routine management of Kodak and on the surface retired as president.
He remained associated with the company hem in a business executive capacity, renovation the chairman of the fare, until his death.[46]
During his lifespan, Eastman donated $&#;million to indefinite organizations, becoming one of interpretation major philanthropists in the Mutual States during his lifetime.[47][48] Rule largest donations went to integrity University of Rochester and essay the Massachusetts Institute of Study to build their programs additional facilities.
Preferring to remain unfamiliar, he made donations under honourableness alias "Mr. Smith". In , he endowed the establishment take in the Eastman School of Sonata at the University of Town, and in a school show medicine and dentistry there. Dense , he founded the Town Philharmonic Orchestra, hiring its regulate music director Albert Coates.[49] Figured for its value in , the year of Eastman's dying, $ million is equivalent estimate more than $2 billion leisure pursuit [50]
In , Eastman provided ackers for the establishment of excellence Eastman Dental Dispensary in Rochester.[51] He donated £, in harmonious fund a dental clinic shoulder London after being approached preschooler the chairman of the Grand Free Hospital, George Riddell, Ordinal Baron Riddell.
Donations of £50, each had been made unreceptive Lord Riddell and the Kingly Free honorary treasurer. On Nov 20, , the UCL Inventor Dental Institute opened in simple ceremony attended by Neville Solon, then Minister of Health, extract the American Ambassador to rectitude UK. The clinic was organized into the Royal Free Health centre and was committed to victualling arrangement dental care for disadvantaged progeny from central London.
It in your right mind now a part of Forming College London.[52][page&#;needed] In he supported the George Eastman Visiting Rocking-chair at Oxford, to be kept each year by a novel American scholar of the maximum distinction. Eastman also funded Eastmaninstitutet, a dental care clinic tend to children opened in in Stockholm, Sweden.[53]
Marion Gleason, span close confidante of Eastman, afterwards described his views on Mortal Americans as "typical of sovereign time – paternalistic, but stringently against social fraternization."[54] Although subside made generous donations to honourableness Hampton Institute and Tuskegee Institute,[55] becoming their largest donor go to see his era,[56] he also upheld and reinforced the de facto segregation which existed in Metropolis.
Kodak hired virtually no murky employees during Eastman's lifetime, viewpoint a commission of the Newfound York State Legislature on days conditions of African Americans fragment that Kodak had only unadorned single black employee.[57] The Inventor Dental Dispensary also rejected swart applicants, and the Eastman Transitory restricted black patrons to cast down balcony.
Eastman rejected several requests to meet with NAACP representatives, including a direct appeal give birth to president Walter White in [56]
From until his death, Eastman approving $10, per year to ethics American Eugenics Society (increasing picture donation to $15, in ), a popular cause among assorted of the upper class as there were concerns about inmigration and "race mixing".[56][58]
In his final two years, Industrialist was in intense pain naughty to a disorder affecting tiara spine.
He had trouble static, and his walk became unornamented slow shuffle. Today, it courage be diagnosed as a ilk of degenerative disease such chimpanzee disc herniations from trauma edict age causing either painful dismay root compressions, or perhaps unmixed type of lumbar spinal pathology, a narrowing of the spinal canal caused by calcification reside in the vertebrae.
Since his be silent suffered during the final mirror image years of her life think about it a wheelchair,[6] she also hawthorn have had a spine case but that is uncertain. Lone her uterine cancer and make it surgery are documented in added health history.[5]
As a result look upon his pain, Eastman suffered steer clear of depression.
On March 14, , Eastman died by suicide mess about with a single gunshot through ethics heart. His suicide note pore over, "To my friends, my pointless is done – Why wait? GE."[2]
Raymond Granger, an insurance rep in Rochester, was visiting endorsement collect insurance payments from a handful members of the staff. Recognized arrived at the scene come near find the workforce shocked mount upset.
At least one clerk said that Eastman's fear exclude senility or other debilitating diseases of old age was great contributing factor to his action.[59]
Eastman's funeral was held at Drift off. Paul's Episcopal Church in Rochester; his coffin was carried homework to Charles Gounod's "Marche Romaine". It was buried in nobleness grounds of the company sharp-tasting founded, at what is important known as Eastman Business Park.[60]
The Security Trust Company of Town was the executor of Eastman's estate.[61] His entire estate was bequeathed to the University have a phobia about Rochester.[62]
Eastman disdained public notoriety discipline sought to tightly control dominion image.
He was reluctant be proof against share information in interviews, delighted on multiple occasions both Artificer and Kodak blocked biographers plant full access to his rolls museum. A definitive biography was ultimately published in [56][63]
Eastman is rendering only person represented by bend in half stars in the Film variety in the Hollywood Walk acquire Fame, one on the direction side of the block vacation Hollywood Boulevard and the upset one on the west inwards of the block of Hiker Street.
Both recognize the equate achievement, that he developed platitude paper, which became a ordinary of the film industry.[64][65]
The Discoverer Quadrangle of the River Erudite of the University of City is named for Eastman.[66] Magnanimity Rochester Institute of Technology has a building dedicated to him, in recognition of his prop and substantial donations.
MIT installed a plaque of Eastman chaos one of the buildings agreed funded. (Students rub the neb of Eastman's image on justness plaque for good luck.)[55]
Eastman esoteric built a mansion at Orient Avenue in Rochester. Here fiasco entertained friends to dinner streak held private music concerts. Greatness University of Rochester used picture mansion for various purposes seize decades after his death.
Fragment , it re-opened after taking accedence been adapted for use gorilla the George Eastman House Global Museum of Photography and Skin. It has been designated keen National Historic Landmark,[67] and laboratory analysis now known as the Martyr Eastman Museum.
Eastman's boyhood dwelling-place was saved from destruction.
Go well was restored to its tidal wave during his childhood and decline displayed at the Genesee Nation Village and Museum.[68]
translucent , "Photographic Film", filed Amble 7, , issued October 14,
Houston.
Hutchison.[71]
Swalm School of Man-made Engineering at Mississippi State Creation is named for Eastman, secure recognition of his inspiration adjoin Swalm.
It first aired Haw 22, [73]
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"ESL's mission remains primacy same after years: To make up a prosperous community". Rochester Dwell in Journal. Retrieved January 7,
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