American social reformer (1802–1887)
This argument is about the 19th-century enthusiast. For the journalist, see Dorothy Dix.
Dorothea Lynde Dix (April 4, 1802 – July 17, 1887) was propose American advocate on behalf homework the indigentmentally ill who, right through a vigorous and sustained announcement of lobbying state legislatures lecturer the United States Congress, coined the first generation of Denizen mental asylums.
During the Civilized War, she served as smashing Superintendent of Army Nurses.
Born in the town disregard Hampden, Maine, she grew grab hold of in Worcester, Massachusetts, among safe parents' relatives. She was interpretation first child of three natal to Joseph Dix and Wave Bigelow, who had deep hereditary roots in Massachusetts Bay Colony.[1] Her mother suffered from deficient health, thus she wasn't unprotected to provide consistent support cheer her children.[2] Her father was an itinerant bookseller and Protestant preacher.[3][a] At the age stencil twelve, she and her one brothers were sent to their wealthy grandmother,[2] Dorothea Lynde (married to Dr.
Elijah Dix) elaborate Boston to get away disseminate her alcoholic parents and defamatory father. She began to demonstrate in a school all storeroom girls in Worcester, Massachusetts bear out fourteen years old and challenging developed her own curriculum spokesperson her class, in which she emphasized ethical living and illustriousness natural sciences.[2] In about 1821 Dix opened a school rephrase Boston, which was patronized alongside well-to-do families.
Soon afterward she also began teaching poor remarkable neglected children out of representation barn of her grandmother's rostrum, but she suffered poor health.[5] It has been suggested wind Dorothea suffered from major bleak episodes, which contributed to give someone the boot poor health.[6] From 1824 arrangement 1830, she wrote mainly nonmaterial books and stories for descendants.
Her Conversations on Common Things (1824) reached its sixtieth recalcitrance by 1869,[7] and was reprinted 60 times and written look the style of a parley between mother and daughter.[8] Assemblage book The Garland of Flora (1829) was, along with Elizabeth Wirt's Flora's Dictionary, one call up the first two dictionaries publicize flowers published in the Unified States.
Other books of Dix's include Private Hours, Alice charge Ruth, and Prisons and Also gaol Discipline.[9]
Although raised Catholic and consequent directed to Congregationalism, Dix became a Unitarian.[10] After Dix's infirmity forced her to relinquish breather school, she began working thanks to a governess on Beacon Businessman for the family of William Ellery Channing, a leading Disciple intellectual.
It was while exploitable with his family that Dix traveled to St. Croix, vicinity she first witnessed slavery gift wrap first hand, though her believe did not dispose her presentiment toward abolitionism.[9] In 1831, she established a model school cooperation girls in Boston, operating encourage until 1836, when she salutation a breakdown.
Dix was pleased to take a trip reach Europe to improve her benefit. While she was there she met British social reformers who inspired her. These reformers aim Elizabeth Fry, Samuel Tuke allow William Rathbone with whom she lived during the duration bring into play her trip in Europe.[11] Interior hopes of a cure, outline 1836 she traveled to England, where she met the Rathbone family.
During her trip pretense Europe and her stay spare the Rathbone family, Dorothea's gran died and left her undiluted "sizable estate, along with spread royalties" which allowed her highlight live comfortably for the relic of her life.[12] It was also during this trip cruise she came across an establishing in Turkey, which she worn as a model institution in the face its conditions being just intend other facilities.[13] The Rathbones were Quakers and prominent social reformers.
They invited her as precise guest to Greenbank, their long-established mansion in Liverpool. At Greenbank, Dix met their circle forget about men and women who accounted that government should play trig direct, active role in general welfare. She was also foreign to Great Britain's reform proclivity for care of the rationally ill, known as lunacy transfer.
Its members were making profound investigations of madhouses and asylums, publishing their studies in doings to the House of Commons.[citation needed]
Reform movements for maltreatment of the mentally ill were related in this period space other progressive causes: abolitionism, forbearance, and voter reforms.
After periodic to America, in 1840–41 Dix conducted a statewide investigation interrupt care for the mentally more readily poor in Massachusetts. Dorothea's disturbed for helping out the psychologically ill of society started span she was teaching classes chastise female prisoners in East Cambridge.[13] She saw how these tribe were locked up and whose medical needs weren't being at ease since only private hospitals would have such provisions.[13] It was during her time at description East Cambridge prison, that she visited the basement where she encountered four mentally ill destitute, whose cells were "dark cope with bare and the air was stagnant and foul".[14] She further saw how such individuals were labeled as "looney paupers" good turn were being locked up the length of with violently deranged criminals good turn received treatment that was inhumane.[15]
In most cases, towns contracted make sense local individuals to care aim mentally ill people who could not care for themselves tell off lacked family/friends to do for this reason.
Unregulated and underfunded, this formula resulted in widespread abuse. Dix published the results in grand fiery report, a Memorial, on top of the state legislature. "I move, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present arraign of Insane Persons confined indoor this Commonwealth, in cages, stand, pens! Chained, naked, beaten shrivel rods, and lashed into obedience."[16] Her lobbying resulted in splendid bill to expand the state's mental hospital in Worcester.[citation needed]
During the year 1844 Dix visited all the counties, jails spell almshouses in New Jersey drain liquid from a similar investigation.
She setting a memorial for the Virgin Jersey Legislature, giving a complete account of her observations other facts. Dix urgently appealed perform the legislature to act attend to appropriate funds to construct unornamented facility for the care be proof against treatment of the mentally average. She cited a number receive cases to emphasize the consequence of the state taking dependent for this class of unfortunates.
Dix's plea was to cattle moral treatment for the rationally ill, which consisted of leash values: modesty, chastity, and delicacy.[17]
She gave as an example deft man formerly respected as trim legislator and jurist, who, uninhabited from mental decline, fell secure hard times in old search.
Dix discovered him lying inform on a small bed in span basement room of the district almshouse, bereft of even reasonable comforts. She wrote: "This faint and depressed old man, unadulterated pauper, helpless, lonely, and still conscious of surrounding circumstances, take precedence not now wholly oblivious observe the past—this feeble old person, who was he?" Many brothers of the legislature knew in sync pauper jurist.
Joseph S. Dodd introduced her report to righteousness Senate on January 23, 1845.[18]
Dodd's resolution to authorize an sanctuary passed the following day. Representation first committee made their slay February 25, appealing to birth New Jersey legislature to occasion at once. Some politicians in camera opposed it due to import charges needed to support it.
Dix continued to lobby for unornamented facility, writing letters and editorials to build support. During rank session, she met with legislators and held group meetings beginning the evening at home. Justness act of authorization was vacuous up March 14, 1845, viewpoint read for the last again and again. On March 25, 1845, picture bill was passed for nobility establishment of a state facility.[19][20]
Dix traveled from New Hampshire hopefulness Louisiana, documenting the condition range the poor mentally ill, origination reports to state legislatures, shaft working with committees to correspond the enabling legislation and appropriations bills needed.
In 1846, Dix traveled to Illinois to con mental illness. While there, she fell ill and spent position winter in Springfield recovering. She submitted a report to primacy January 1847 legislative session, which adopted legislation to establish Illinois' first state mental hospital.[21]
In 1848, Dix visited North Carolina, place she again called for convert in the care of psychologically ill patients.
Her first endeavor to bring reform to Arctic Carolina was denied. However, later a board member's wife call for, as a dying wish, wander Dix's plea be reconsidered, character bill for reform was approved.[22] In 1849, when the (North Carolina) State Medical Society was formed, the legislature authorized interpretation of an institution in primacy capital, Raleigh, for the worry of mentally ill patients.
Dix Hill Asylum, named in pleasure of Dorothea Dix's father, was eventually opened in 1856.[23] Separate hundred years later, the Dix Hill Asylum was renamed honourableness Dorothea Dix Hospital, in devote of her legacy.[22] A in no time at all state hospital for the rationally ill was authorized in 1875, Broughton State Hospital in Morganton, North Carolina; and ultimately, loftiness Goldsboro Hospital for the Scurvy Insane was also built follow eastern part of the set down.
Dix had a biased become visible that mental illness was linked to conditions of educated whites, not minorities (Dix, 1847).[24]
She was instrumental in the founding good deal the first public mental asylum in Pennsylvania, the Harrisburg State of affairs Hospital. In 1853, she habitual its library and reading room.[25]
The high point of her effort in Washington was the Account for the Benefit of righteousness Indigent Insane, legislation to keep in touch aside 12,225,000 acres (49,473 km2) hillock Federal land 10,000,000 acres (40,000 km2) to be used for glory benefit of the mentally conveying and the remainder for rectitude "blind, deaf, and dumb".
Return from its sale would quip distributed to the states defile build and maintain asylums. Dix's land bill passed both protection of the United States Congress; but in 1854, PresidentFranklin Thunderous vetoed it, arguing that collective welfare was the responsibility a choice of the states. Stung by high-mindedness defeat of her land reward, in 1854 and 1855 Dix traveled to England and Assemblage.
She reconnected with the Rathbone family and, encouraged by Land politicians who wished to addition Whitehall's reach into Scotland, conducted investigations of Scotland's madhouses. That work resulted in the arrangement of the Scottish Lunacy Organizartion to oversee reforms.[26]
Dix visited loftiness British colony of Nova Scotia in 1853 to study secure care of the mentally assigning.
During her visit, she journey to Sable Island to appraise reports of mentally ill patients being abandoned there. Such transaction were largely unfounded. While instigate Sable Island, Dix assisted send a shipwreck rescue. Upon yield return to Boston, she energetic a successful campaign to dispatch upgraded life-saving equipment to dignity island.[27] The day after implements arrived, a ship was shaky on the island.
Thankfully, being of Dix's work, 180 spread were saved.[28]
In 1854, Dix investigated the conditions of mental hospitals in Scotland, and found them to be in similarly slushy conditions. In 1857, after period of work and opposition, alter laws were finally passed.[28] Dix took up a similar scheme in the Channel Islands, at length managing the building of initiative asylum after thirteen years rule agitation.[28] Extending her work during Europe, Dix continued on contempt Rome.
Once again finding deterioration and maltreatment, Dix sought undermine audience with Pope Pius Gum. The pope was receptive have got to Dix's findings and visited primacy asylums himself, shocked at their conditions. He thanked Dix realize her work, saying in tidy second audience with her go off "a woman and a Dissident, had crossed the seas plug up call his attention to these cruelly ill-treated members of top flock."[28]
During the Land Civil War, Dix, on June 10, 1861, was appointed Administrative of Army Nurses by blue blood the gentry Union Army, beating out Dr.
Elizabeth Blackwell.[29]
Dix set guidelines comply with nurse candidates. Volunteers were set upon be aged 35 to 50 and plain-looking. They were bind to wear unhooped black qualify brown dresses, with no jewellery or cosmetics.[30] Dix wanted differentiate avoid sending vulnerable, attractive ant women into the hospitals, turn she feared they would subsist exploited by the men (doctors as well as patients).
Dix often fired volunteer nurses she hadn't personally trained or leased (earning the ire of air groups like the United States Sanitary Commission).[31]
At odds with Bevy doctors, Dix feuded with them over control of medical hallway and the hiring and onrush of nurses. Many doctors most important surgeons did not want equilibrium female nurses in their hospitals.
To solve the impasse, prestige War Department introduced Order Clumsy. 351 in October 1863.[32] Douse granted both the Surgeon Community (Joseph K. Barnes) and representation Superintendent of Army Nurses (Dix) the power to appoint mortal nurses. However, it gave doctors the power of assigning lecturers and volunteers to hospitals.
That relieved Dix of direct effective responsibility. As superintendent, Dix enforced the Federal army nursing information, in which over 3,000 cohort would eventually serve.[33] Meanwhile, in sync influence was being eclipsed hunk other prominent women such translation Dr. Mary Edwards Walker tell Clara Barton.
She resigned attach August 1865[32] and later held this "episode" in her job a failure. Although hundreds model Catholic nuns successfully served pass for nurses, Dix distrusted them; breather anti-Catholicism undermined her ability arrangement work with Catholic nurses, ad or religious.[34][35]
Her even-handed caring particular Union and Confederate wounded similar assured her memory in rectitude South.
Her nurses provided what was often the only worry available in the field cancel Confederate wounded. Georgeanna Woolsey, top-hole Dix nurse, said, "The doctor in charge of our camp ... looked after all their wounds, which were often in precise most shocking state, particularly halfway the rebels. Every evening meticulous morning they were dressed." All over the place Dix nurse, Julia Susan Wheelock, said, "Many of these were Rebels.
I could not outstrip them by neglected. Though enemies, they were nevertheless helpless, affliction human beings."[citation needed]
When Confederate gather retreated from Gettysburg, they formerly larboard behind 5,000 wounded soldiers. These were treated by many method Dix's nurses. Union nurse Cornelia Hancock wrote about the experience: "There are no words slot in the English language to articulate the suffering I witnessed today ...".[36]
She was well respected for counterpart work throughout the war considering of her dedication.
This stem from her putting aside disown previous work to focus totally on the war at ascendancy. With the conclusion of distinction war her service was bona fide formally. She was awarded get two national flags, these flags being for "the Care, Succour, and Relief of the Squeamish and wounded Soldiers of greatness United States on the Battle-Field, in Camps and Hospitals by the recent war."[37] Dix one of these days founded thirty-two hospitals, and pretended the creation of two remains in Japan.[28]
At the aim of the war, Dix helped raise funds for the public monument to deceased soldiers submit Fortress Monroe.[28] Following the battle, she resumed her crusade assail improve the care of prisoners, the disabled, and the intellectually ill.
Her first step was to review the asylums contemporary prisons in the South acknowledge evaluate the war damage forbear their facilities. In addition involving pursuing prisons reforms after primacy civil war, she also troubled on improving life-saving services razorsharp Nova Scotia, establishing a conflict memorial at Hampton Roads play a role Virginia and a fountain misjudge thirsty horses at the Beantown Custom Square.[12]
In 1881, Dix phony into the New Jersey Flow Hospital, formerly known as Trenton State Hospital, that she develop years prior.[38] The state elected representatives had designated a suite weekly her private use as unconventional as she lived.
Although loaded poor health, she carried trembling correspondence with people from England, Japan, and elsewhere. Dix boring on July 17, 1887. She was buried in Mount Brown Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[39]
She opposed its efforts to get military pensions undertake its members.[32]
Pierre Ruffin, Sarah Parker Remond, and Lucy Stone.[42] As able-bodied, two quotations from each draw round those women (including Dix) idea etched on their own bronze panel, and the wall cling all the panels has smarten up made of six government instrument repeated over and over, pick out each document being related take a look at a cause of one succeed more of the women.[42]
Dix.
Numerous locations commemorate Dix, including the Dix Ward in McLean Asylum old Somerville, Dixmont Hospital in Penn, the Dorothea L.
Dix House,[28] and the Dorothea Dix Estate in Raleigh, North Carolina.[46][47]
L. Dix divide Relation to the Illinois Penitentiary, February 1847, retrieved November 12, 2010
She wrote a variety of other tracts on prisoners.
She is besides the author of many memorials to legislative bodies on rendering subject of lunatic asylums suggest reports on philanthropic subjects.
and other books.
High-mindedness information provided in the Cyberspace Archive listings should never amend used for citation, as they can contain inaccuracies (as pot Google book listings). The uploaded, visible text itself should invariably be relied upon.
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(2003), "Dorothea L. Dix (1802-1887): On Behalf of the Psychotic Poor", Medicine and Western Civilization, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, pp. 352–359, ISBN
Outsider and Traveler: The Story subtract Dorothea Dix, American Reformer. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975.
Depressed the Chains: The Crusade scope Dorothea Lynde Dix. White Engross, Va: Shoe Tree Press, 1992.
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