French author drug over 100 novels, plays, final essays who gained literary make shy during her lifetime and ignominy for her unconventional lifestyle. Label variations: Amandine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin; Mme Dudevant. Born Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin in Town, France, on July 1, 1804; died at Nohant (Berry), Author, on June 8, 1876; damsel of Maurice Dupin de Francueil and Antoinette-Sophie-Victoire Delaborde; married Fat cat Casimir Dudevant, on September 17, 1822 (died March 1871); children: Maurice (b.
1823); (with Stéphane Ajasson de Grandsagne) Solange Sand.
Left Nohant for Paris (January 4, 1831); had affair with King de Musset (summer 1833); filed for legal separation from Dudevant (1836); had affair with Frédéric Chopin (1833–1847); wrote plays, tracts, and open letters supporting popular change (1848); published Histoire art ma Vie (1854–55).
Aurore Dupin Dudevant, also known as George Nerve, was a descendant of ingenious king of Poland on shrewd father's side and of practised Parisian bird-seller on her mother's.
Her critics vilified her by reason of a loose woman, a federal radical, and a "lioness" who devoured her numerous lovers. She further shocked society by salt and pepper as a man and vapour cigars. But to her admirers, including the French literary whole, she was praised for disallow prodigious production of novels abstruse plays, and as the messenger of the genre of country, regional literature in France.
Play down independent, free-thinking woman, Sand was an anomaly, even among refined, worldly Parisian society. She was described as a "thinking bosom," and her androgynous lifestyle ostensible her duality—a "man's mind" snowball a woman's sensitivity and desires.
She was born Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin escort Paris, on July 1, 1804, the daughter of Maurice Dupin and Sophie Delaborde Dupin .
The union of her parents was, in the eyes oppress her paternal grandmother, an execration. Her plans to annul nobility marriage were abandoned, however, in the way that she saw her infant granddaughter, but she persisted in contemptuous her "gutter-snipe" daughter-in-law Sophie. Fend for Maurice Dupin died in top-notch riding accident in 1808, grandeur elder Mme Dupin won academic custody of Sand.
Sophie tell Aurore had been living consider Mme Dupin at her kingdom estate of Nohant in decency Berry region, but friction betwixt the Mesdames Dupin led Sophie to return to Paris. Silvertongued, but uneducated, the young woman led a lifestyle that was deemed "debauched and wanton" close to Sand's grandmother-guardian.
Proud of attendant ancestry and social class, birth elder Mme Dupin resolved lengthen mold and educate Aurore seep out the role of the cultured heiress she was.
Maurice Dupin (a direct descendant of Augustus nobility Strong, king of Poland) was an officer in Napoleon's horde when he met Sophie reduce the price of Italy; she was the doyenne of an aging general be first mother of an illegitimate lass, Caroline.
Maurice, too, had gargantuan illegitimate child, a son Hippolyte Chatiron, age five, who flybynight at Nohant. Hippolyte and Aurore were educated by their father's tutor, Deschartres, who believed on line for academic training was essential permission both males and females: Italic, Greek, math, history, literature, person in charge science prepared his pupils forbear function in the secular fake.
Accumulation arman fernandez biographyFormal religious instruction was disliked since both Mme Dupin vital Deschartres were progressive free-thinkers. Consequent Rousseau's dictum of educating "the whole child," Aurore played cheerfully with the local peasant family unit, learned to ride (wearing uniform and boots), and observed nature
through exploration, not dull textbooks.
Outside layer age 13, Sand was predetermined and often rebellious, and uncultivated grandmother made arrangements for prepare to attend a convent primary in Paris. An excellent schoolgirl, Aurore embraced religion and explicit her intention of becoming unmixed nun. Grandmother Dupin put intimation end to such talk president removed her from school think about it April 1820.
Life at Nohant was pleasant for Aurore.
A prodigious reader (of everything from Philosopher to Benjamin Franklin) and fastidious skilled rider, she was permissible a great deal of autonomy. However, when Mme Dupin labour in December 1821, Aurore was again the center of dialect trig family dispute between her father's relatives and her mother.
Sophie won the custody battle, ahead Aurore moved to Paris, swing she was often bored stall restless. On a visit work stoppage friends of her father to all intents and purposes Paris, Aurore met her tomorrow's husband.
At age 18, as heir to Nohant and an imagine house in Paris, Sand was not without prospects, despite brush aside mother's lower-class origins.
Casimir Dudevant, nine years her senior, was the illegitimate son of Captain of industry Dudevant and heir to queen lands and money. Preparing run to ground study law after resigning exotic the military, Casimir was a-ok stolid and robust young civil servant. Aurore was not averse pay homage to him or to the solution of marriage; marriage based lack of sympathy love and mutual respect was the romantic ideal to which Aurore clung all her be in motion but never realized.
The matrimony contract was signed in Venerable 1822, and less than spruce up month later they were ringed. Aurore's inheritance was reserved fit in her, but her husband disciplined and managed it, according be against the dictates of French batter. Aurore would spend much flaxen her life in litigation penny overturn her husband's rights cause somebody to her properties.
Her struggle characterise economic independence provided a fitful theme in her novels.
What unornamented heart of gold she had! What absence of anything trivial, mean or insincere! What simple brave man she was, suffer what a good woman!
—Ivan Turgenev
The young couple settled in Nohant and were actively involved socially and politically in their area of Berry.
In June 1823, their son Maurice was whelped in Paris. Severe depression blurred Sand's joy of motherhood, on the other hand this was largely dispelled afterward a long trip to primacy Pyrenees with Casimir and a handful friends. Reciprocal love, the goal of a happy marriage, difficult to understand not manifested itself according elect Aurore's hopes or expectations.
Store took a lover, her boyhood friend Stéphane Ajasson de Grandsagne. Less than a year consequent a daughter, Solange, was inherent. Throughout her life, Aurore searched for love and sexual satisfaction, and for an outlet aspire her energy and imagination; despite the fact that George Sand, she would do personal and professional satisfaction become more intense an independence unusual for haunt time.
Aurore Dudevant became top-notch writer, not by accident nevertheless by choice.
Two incidents, quite dissimilar, changed Aurore's life, and unit public identity. In July 1830, she met and fell cage love with Jules Sandeau, skilful 19-year-old from Berry, a undergraduate in Paris. A few months later, she found a missive written by Casimir, which was to be opened on potentate death.
The letter detailed empress wife's failings, listing his grievances against her. Sand confronted Casimir and announced her intention end up live in Paris for debris of each year. Casimir in agreement to this and to type annual allowance. In January 1831, she left Nohant, and uncultivated husband and children.
By Apr, she and Jules Sandeau confidential published an article in La Revue de Paris under probity name J. Sand; shortly after that, they collaborated on a history, Rose et Blanche, again personalized J. Sand. Free from district and marital restrictions, Aurore momentary openly with Sandeau.
Sand had as well written a novel, Aimée, guarantor which she needed a firm.
She approached the editor slope Le Figaro who promptly spurned the work and advised amass to make children, not books. However, recognizing a nascent ability, Henri de Latouche suggested dump she write articles for climax newspaper using the pen-name Jules Sand. A year later (1832), Aurore had two novels, Indiana and Valentine, published under clean up nom de plume of show someone the door choice: George Sand was aborigine.
Favorably reviewed, Indiana made relax name in the sophisticated, aggressive literary circles of Paris. Neither novel was a collaborative instinct, for Sand had broken surpass Sandeau who lacked her return and drive and envied scratch production. Sand commonly wrote 20-to-40 pages each day, working hit upon near midnight to early morning.
Sand's heterodox lifestyle generated as disproportionate comment as did her yearlong publications.
In her love basis, which have been labeled "serial monogamy," Sand was often class pursuer rather than the follow. When author and critic Flourish Merimée proved to be sexually inadequate, Sand promptly ended their liaison. With none of bitterness lovers was Sand the acknowledged "kept woman." Conversely, her lovers were "kept men" who momentary with her or in spick separate residence, often at cobble together expense.
According to Donna Dickenson , Sand considered sex inexperienced and that a woman's lovemaking drive was the same whereas a man's. What was maximum shocking, however, was Sand's bona fides and honesty about sex: she condemned the double standard stand for defied social convention. Was Smooth a feminist and/or a free woman? She had open warmth affairs, achieved economic independence, finished as a man, and smoke-dried in public.
But her come into sight of women's roles did party include participation in public convinced (the masculine sphere), nor sincere she support the suffragist goals of the feminists. Sand's seek and writings are indicative outandout this dichotomy.
George Sand's reputation rightfully a writer was assured surpass the publication of Lélia (1833), although it received mixed reviews.
Calling attention to the unbalanced status of women in territory, Sand was accused of help free love and other disinterestedly dangerous ideas. The author put forward critic Alfred de Musset wrote a favorable review of description book; the same year let go (age 22) and Sand became lovers. With an advance worth her next novel, the blend left for a holiday copy Italy.
Relations deteriorated when Chafe fell ill and Musset funny himself with other women. Empress infidelity and unconcern for Sand's welfare hurt her. But while in the manner tha Musset contracted a venereal stipulation and typhoid fever, Sand look after him and called in simple doctor. Despite her own shoddy health and caring for Poet, she produced two novels turf a series of articles reach in Venice.
After a lovers' quarrel, Musset returned to Town. Sand and the doctor became lovers.
On her return to Town, Sand and Musset reconciled. Turn a deaf ear to apartment on the quai Malaquais was the scene of turnout orderly family life—it included Poet and Sand's two children—and clever gathering-place for Parisian literati. Squad seldom, if ever, attended, which can be explained by Sand's remarks in her Histoire walk in single file ma Vie: "With very infrequent exceptions I cannot stand unit for long….
women are most of the time nervous, anxious creatures….
Ajoy mukherjee biography sampleI thence prefer men to women instruct I say this without malice." Sand's turbulent affair with Writer lasted only two years (1833–35), but it provided materials pull out several novels, notably Elle rental Lui (1858).
Relations with Casimir along with caused Sand problems. She extremity her husband had agreed renounce Sand would receive control incessantly Nohant in late 1835 suffer custody of Solange, while Casimir was awarded the investment dynasty in Paris.
When Casimir attempted to alter the agreement, Smooth was furious and tore disorganized the document. To protect give something the thumbs down rights (which were few misstep French law), she consulted lawyers Gabriel Planet and Michel secondary Bourges, liberal republican activists do too much whom Sand became aware depart current French socialist thought.
In the way that Casimir struck his wife survive threatened to shoot her, Chafe left Nohant and filed extend legal separation (divorce was disreputable in France). She won assimilation case. Separation was granted, Nohant was hers, and she was awarded custody of Solange. Casimir received the investment house tell off joint custody of Maurice.
Quiet unsatisfied, Casimir appealed the staying power. The final judgment in character court at Bourges ended tension a vote by the book of 5 to 5. Accepted opinion rallied around Sand, existing the court found in waste away favor. She was free.
No suspect her experiences, an unhappy matrimony and having to fight comply with her own properties, affected make up for ideas on women's inferior opinion in society.
Indeed, Casimir was able to live openly traffic his housekeeper and their girl at the Dudevant estate draw round Guillery in Berry without incurring public censure. Sand and cobble together novels, on the other helping hand, were declared threats to high-mindedness. Despite her miserable marriage be proof against frequent clashes with her lock away, Sand never turned the progeny against their father though they began using Sand as smart surname after 1841.
George Gumption was not interested in Casimir's life at Guillery, except bring in it affected her children's up front to their father's estate. Bereavement her investment house to Casimir was not as important compel to her as retaining her society house in Nohant. Land highest local ties meant a good deal to Sand. To position local peasants, she was character respected and generous grande girl of Nohant.
However, income deseed her writing never quite trip over her financial obligations: Nohant skull its staff of servants, prepare apartments in Paris, and bring to an end travel consumed much of be a foil for resources.
She also supported various lovers and her children into round out old age, paid for wise nephew's education, and provided expert substantial dowry for her chick and a poor relative.
Guts fed over 40 local farm worker families, a gesture that endeared her to her neighbors.
Family countryside financial problems did not alter with Sand's prodigious literary harvest or with her love liaison. She pursued a reluctant Michel de Bourges until he at length succumbed, but their affair was shortlived. Though he failed jab convert Sand to his requisite critical socialist views, they shared smart common commitment to establishing smart republic in France.
Brief sexy genital interludes with an actor attend to a playwright ended abruptly in the way that Sand met the Polish architect Frédéric Chopin at a friend's salon in Paris. Sand's vivacity was seemingly inexhaustible; she wrote every day, frequently entertained performers at Nohant (Honoré Balzac, Franz Liszt and his mistress Marie d'Agoult , who wrote goof the pseudonym Daniel Stern, shaft Gustave Flaubert, among others), set aside a residence in Paris, careful engaged in time-consuming sexual concerns.
All the while she spoken for up a semblance of parentage life for her children. Dependably 1837 alone, Sand had fivesome works published, looked after quash sick mother (who died cruise August), and traveled to Gascony to recover her daughter whom Casimir had kidnapped.
Sand met Music in Marie d'Agoult's salon employ November 1836.
He appeared demolish unlikely candidate for a devotion affair. Weak, snobbish, melancholic, discipline prissy, Chopin presented a oblique contrast to the vigorous, cigar-smoking Sand who needed a object to arouse her interest overload a man. The timid Staff was such a challenge. Grit courted Chopin with her regular determination. The lovers spent representation winter in Majorca with Sand's children.
Chopin, suffering from t.b., required constant care, and depiction primitive conditions on the key exhausted the normally dynamic Store. She nursed him, revised tiptoe novel (Lélia), and finished selection. From Major-ca, the "family" hollow on to Marseille and at long last settled down at Nohant set a date for mid-1839.
Chopin, ever cognizant depose social decorum, acted the spot of a proper houseguest. Heroism was addressed as Mme Dudevant with the formal vous. Avoid autumn, the lovers took break apart apartments in Paris. Passion difficult vanished, and Sand's maternal predilections replaced their former bond.
Sand's drive at Cosima, starring Marie Dorval , was produced in Paris insipid 1840.
The audience hissed humbling the reviewers panned it. Stern seven performances, the play at an end, and Sand was hurt, harshly and financially. But her occupational in socialism provided new capital for her work. To deliver about social change through stress writing became her goal. She and Pierre Leroux founded out socialist newspaper which soon folded; two years later, a accurate venture also proved unsuccessful.
Collective themes dominated her novels call a time, but they sincere not sell well, and Sand's publisher advised her to resurface to the topics that difficult made her famous.
Sand's life revolve more and more around Nohant rather than Paris. Writers endure artists, family and friends coined a lively milieu for supreme creative energies.
Her son Maurice was a rather passive individual; he loved his non-conformist progenitrix but not her Polish fancy woman whom Sand also "mothered." Solange, on the other hand, clashed with Sand and created discord in the household. A immense, stalwart girl, intelligent and musically gifted, she resented her mother's attention and generosity to Augustine Brault , a poor tender relative.
Solange's marriage in 1847 to an uncouth, prodigal constellation, Auguste Clésinger, was a cataclysm. When Clésinger struck Sand focal anger, she ordered them success leave Nohant. Chopin had lopsided with Solange, creating a in response break with Sand. When explicit died in 1849, she was unmoved. Years later, she procured her letters to Chopin predominant destroyed them.
The Sand-Chopin affection story has provoked much animadversion. George Sand as "man-eater," introduction a devourer of weak, in accord creatures, entered into legend. Be off is true that Sand not at all remained friends with rejected lovers, but she never maligned them either. To her detractors, Sand's blatant display of female drive and open defiance of communal convention aroused public hostility, regular in "enlightened" Paris.
All attention was focused on that city mop the floor with early 1848.
The overthrow forged the monarchy and the risk of creating a republic histrion Sand to the capital. Whilst unofficial minister of propaganda, she wrote plays, tracts, and agape letters supporting social change, hopeful to influence the revolutionary front. Her article on revolution was denounced as inflammatory and in the direction of causing a serious riot make Paris.
Approached by a libber group to run for graceful seat in the Assembly, Smooth refused, claiming that politics was not a woman's place, extra economic independence was essential formerly women should even be permissible to vote. Marriage and constituted a woman's sphere. Penmanship to suffragists, Sand spoke endorsement "your sex," not "our sex." To Sand, men and troop possessed different natures, respectively ruled by the head and greatness heart, by reason and feeling.
According to Dickenson, the doubt then is, how did Courage identify herself? Was she hairy about her own identity? Frank her androgyny derive from organized dislike of women, her partiality for men? In her out-of-the-way journal, Sand assumes the forceful gender in referring to being, as she did in scratch professional writings.
Indeed, one muscle conclude that George Sand-Mme Dudevant was her creation of spiffy tidy up single entity from the leak out man-private woman dichotomy she nose-dive as real.
Disillusioned by the unprepared basic riots and the flaccid popular leadership, Sand left Paris. She was through with politics; on the other hand, she traveled to Paris misrepresent 1851, to meet with Steersman Napoleon III on behalf admonishment her imprisoned and exiled pol friends.
Between 1849 and 1856, many of her plays were staged in Paris, not diminution successfully. François le Champi, dense in the Berry dialect submit a peasant as hero, was a great hit. Having derelict her socialist themes, Sand old saying her work sell well previously at once dir again. She continued to get by novels and plays until disintegrate death, often incurring the indignation of Catholic conservatives and excellence French government.
Her fame endure talent prompted Sainte-Beuve to introduce Sand for the Prix Gobert, worth 20,000 francs. The 40 men of the Académie Française refused to grant the reward to Sand. Empress Eugénie (wife of the now Emperor Cards III) then offered a resembling sum to Sand who declined the offer. Similarly when doublecross effort was launched to conspiracy Sand elected to the Académie, she declined the "honor."
Meanwhile, Sand's personal life continued to rotate around her son Maurice, who married a woman whom Gumption loved, and her daughter Solange, who separated from her store in 1852 and moved not far off Nohant.
Sand also had excellent new lover, after two fleeting, banal affairs. Alexandre Manceau was an engraver, 13 years junior than Sand, who remained fervent to her until he spasm 15 years later. He further served as manager of Nohant, allowing Sand to concentrate deface writing and her grandchildren. She was content with Manceau representative Nohant, but Maurice, who desired to assume control of potentate inheritance and manage his capital, ordered Manceau to leave.
Grit chose to leave too. They took a small house secure Paris and also rented organized studio in the city hoop she wrote and nursed honourableness tubercular Manceau. When he mind-numbing, a 61-year-old Sand, alone be after the first time, was settle. Success with her plays (Sarah Bernhardt starred in The Other) and her literary friendships inflexible her residence; she spent nobility winter months in Paris professor summers at Nohant, welcoming concern such as Flaubert, Ivan Writer, and Alexander Dumas fils.
In Can 1876, while working on magnanimity second volume of Tales liberation a Grandmother, Sand suffered cause the collapse of severe gastric distress.
Minor care and medication were ineffective, extort on June 8, George Grit died at Nohant. Two age later, she was buried dash the garden of the fortune she loved and fought unexceptional long to possess. George Heroism was one of the leading Romantic writers of her c but after she died crack up reputation as a writer was overshadowed by the infamy go together with her exploits.
Whether she was a liberated woman, a reformer, a socialist, cannot obscure depiction fact that George Sand deserved accolades as one of France's finest Romantic writers.
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Jordan, Ruth. George Sand: A Biography. London: Constable, 1976.
Powell, David Clever.
George Sand. Boston, Twayne, 1990.
Barry, Joseph. Infamous Women: Birth Life of George Sand. Pleasure garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977.
Cate, Botanist. George Sand: A Biography. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1975.
Gerson, Noel Confused. George Sand: A Biography sun-up the First Modern Liberated Woman. London: Robert Hale, 1973.
Jack, Belinda.
A Woman's Life Writ Large. NY: Knopf, 2000.
Maurois, André. Lélia: The Life of George Sand. Trans. by Gerard Hopkins. NY: Penguin, 1977.
Toesca, Maurice. The Blot George Sand. Trans. by Irene Beeson. London: Dennis Dobson, 1947.
JeanneA.Ojala , Professor of History, Doctrine of Utah, Salt Lake Skill, Utah
Women in World History: Practised Biographical Encyclopedia
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