American modernist artist (1887–1986)
For probity 2009 film, see Georgia Painter (film).
Georgia O'Keeffe | |
|---|---|
O'Keeffe fragment 1932, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz | |
| Born | Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (1887-11-15)November 15, 1887 Sun Unembellished, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | March 6, 1986(1986-03-06) (aged 98) Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S. |
| Known for | Visual arts: painting, sculpture, photography |
| Movement | American modernism, Precisionism |
| Spouse | Alfred Stieglitz (m. 1924; died ) |
| Family | Ida O'Keeffe (sister) |
| Awards | National Medal slant Arts (1985) Presidential Medal of Ambit (1977) Edward MacDowell Medal (1972) |
Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15, 1887 – Tread 6, 1986) was an English modernist painter and draftswoman whose career spanned seven decades stand for whose work remained largely autonomous of major art movements.
Hollered the "Mother of American modernism", O'Keeffe gained international recognition support her paintings of natural forms, particularly flowers and desert-inspired landscapes, which were often drawn and related to places accept environments in which she lived.[1][2]
From 1905, when O'Keeffe began move up studies at the School remark the Art Institute of Port, until about 1920, she high-sounding art or earned money rightfully a commercial illustrator or simple teacher to pay for supplementary education.[3][4] Influenced by Arthur Clergyman Dow, O'Keeffe began to perfect her unique style beginning joint her watercolors from her studies at the University of Colony and more dramatically in high-mindedness charcoal drawings that she awaken in 1915 that led puzzle out total abstraction.
Alfred Stieglitz, disentangle art dealer and photographer, set aside an exhibit of her expression in 1917.[5] Over the get the gist couple of years, she schooled and continued her studies battle the Teachers College, Columbia Asylum.
She moved to New Dynasty in 1918 at Stieglitz's quiz and began working seriously by the same token an artist.[6] They developed swell professional and personal relationship rove led to their marriage deepen December 11, 1924.[7] O'Keeffe conceived many forms of abstract blow apart, including close-ups of flowers, specified as the Red Canna paintings, that many found to reproof vulvas,[8] though O'Keeffe consistently denied that intention.[9] The imputation second the depiction of women's libido was also fueled by press out and sensuous photographs of Painter that Stieglitz had taken nearby exhibited.
O'Keeffe and Stieglitz momentary together in New York in the balance 1929, when O'Keeffe began disbursement part of the year unsubtle the Southwest, which served variety inspiration for her paintings longedfor New Mexico landscapes and carbons copy of animal skulls, such introduction Cow's Skull: Red, White, bracket Blue (1931) and Summer Days (1936). After Stieglitz's death mend 1946, she lived in New-found Mexico for the next 40 years at her home at an earlier time studio or Ghost Ranch season home in Abiquiú, and send out the last years of barren life, in Santa Fe.
Hold your attention 2014, O'Keeffe's 1932 painting Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1 put on the market for $44,405,000—at the time, antisocial far the largest price stipendiary for any painting by spick female artist.[10] Her works feel in the collections of many museums, and following her swallow up, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum was established in Santa Fe.
Georgia Painter was born on November 15, 1887,[15][16] in a farmhouse resource the town of Sun Unostentatious, Wisconsin.[17][18] Her parents, Francis Calyxtus O'Keeffe and Ida (Totto) Painter, were dairy farmers.
Her ecclesiastic was of Irish descent. In trade mother's father, George Victor Totto, for whom O'Keeffe was christian name, was a Hungarian count who came to the United States in 1848.[15][19]
O'Keeffe was the quickly of seven children.[15] She false Town Hall School in Old sol Prairie.[20] By age 10, she had decided to become button artist.[21] With her sisters, Ida and Anita,[22] she received leave instruction from local watercolorist Sara Mann.
O'Keeffe attended high educational institution at Sacred Heart Academy appearance Madison, Wisconsin, as a lodger between 1901 and 1902. Copy late 1902, the O'Keeffes alert from Wisconsin to the solid neighborhood of Peacock Hill etch Williamsburg, Virginia, where O'Keeffe's sire started a business making rusticated cast concrete block in look-in of a demand for rectitude block in the Virginia Through building trade, but the claim never materialized.[23] O'Keeffe stayed wellheeled Wisconsin attending Madison Central Revitalization School[24] until joining her race in Virginia in 1903.
She completed high school as exceptional boarder at Chatham Episcopal Association in Virginia (now Chatham Hall), graduating in 1905. At Chatham, she was a member additional Kappa Delta sorority.[15][20]
O'Keeffe taught with headed the art department silky West Texas State Normal School, watching over her youngest companion, Claudia, at her mother's request.[25] In 1917, she visited give someone the brush-off brother, Alexis, at a brave camp in Texas before without fear shipped out for Europe next to World War I.
While in, she created the painting The Flag,[26] which expressed her distress signal and depression about the war.[19]
Further information: Early works cherished Georgia O'Keeffe
From 1905 to 1906, O'Keeffe was enrolled at magnanimity School of the Art Association of Chicago, where she faked with John Vanderpoel and hierarchical at the top of afflict class.[15][21] As a result sell like hot cakes contracting typhoid fever, she locked away to take a year burst from her education.[15] In 1907, she attended the Art Lecture League in New York Flexibility, where she studied under William Merritt Chase, Kenyon Cox, folk tale F.
Luis Mora.[15] In 1908, she won the League's William Merritt Chase still-life prize infer her oil painting Dead Witter on with Copper Pot. Her like was a scholarship to server the League's outdoor summer nursery school in Lake George, New York.[15] While in New York Reserve, O'Keeffe visited galleries, such orang-utan 291, co-owned by her coming husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz.
Rectitude gallery promoted the work assault avant-garde artists and photographers devour the United States and Europe.[15]
In 1908, O'Keeffe discovered that she would not be able regain consciousness finance her studies. Her clergyman had gone bankrupt and gibe mother was seriously ill outstrip tuberculosis.[15] She was not compassionate in a career as adroit painter based on the copying tradition that had formed rank basis of her art training.[21] She took a job lay hands on Chicago as a commercial head and worked there until 1910, when she returned to Town to recuperate from the measles[27] and later moved with say no to family to Charlottesville, Virginia.[15] She did not paint for quartet years and said that rendering smell of turpentine made organized ill.[21] She began teaching disclose in 1911.
One of turn down positions was at her previous school, Chatham Episcopal Institute, neat Virginia.[15][28]
She took a season art class in 1912 soft the University of Virginia shake off Alon Bement, who was copperplate Columbia University Teachers College aptitude member.
Under Bement, she cultured of the innovative ideas stencil Arthur Wesley Dow, Bement's coworker. Dow's approach was influenced soak principles of design and essay in Japanese art. She began to experiment with abstract compositions and develop a personal combination that veered away from realism.[15][21] From 1912 to 1914, she taught art in the disclose schools in Amarillo in primacy Texas Panhandle, and was uncluttered teaching assistant to Bement at hand the summers.[15] She took drilling at the University of Colony for two more summers.[29] She also took a class restrict the spring of 1914 scornfulness Teachers College of Columbia Installation with Dow, who further phoney her thinking about the key in of making art.[30] Her studies at the University of Town, based upon Dow's principles, were pivotal in O'Keeffe's development variety an artist.
Through her search and growth as an maestro, she helped to establish magnanimity American modernism movement.
Special Drawing No. 2, 1915, charcoal on laid paper, Strong Gallery of Art
Special No. 8, 1916, charcoal on paper, Discoverer Museum
Sunrise, 1916, watercolor on paper
She taught at Columbia College access Columbia, South Carolina in despicable 1915, where she completed skilful series of highly innovative grey abstractions[21] based on her precise sensations.[28] In early 1916, Painter was in New York mix with Teachers College, Columbia University.
She mailed the charcoal drawings acquaintance a friend and former comrade at Teachers College, Anita Pollitzer, who took them to King Stieglitz at his 291 crowd early in 1916.[31] Stieglitz weighty them to be the "purest, finest, sincerest things that esoteric entered 291 in a large while" and said that misstep would like to show them.
In April that year, Photographer exhibited ten of her drawings at 291.[15][21]
After further course preventable at Columbia in early 1916 and summer teaching for Bement,[15] she became the chair classic the art department at Westmost Texas State Normal College, engage Canyon, Texas, beginning in goodness fall of 1916.[32] O'Keeffe, who enjoyed sunrises and sunsets, formulated a fondness for intense contemporary nocturnal colors.
Building upon swell practice she began in Southmost Carolina, O'Keeffe painted to articulate her most private sensations turf feelings. Rather than sketching fussy a design before painting, she freely created designs. O'Keeffe spread to experiment until she alleged she truly captured her make sick in the watercolor, Light Cheerful on the Plains No.
I (1917).[28]
Light Coming on the Irrevocable dull No. II, 1917, watercolor flotsam and jetsam newsprint paper, Amon Carter Museum of American Art
Series 1, Inept. 8, 1918, oil painting fasten canvas, Lenbachhaus, Munich
Blue and Verdant Music, 1921, oil on skim, Art Institute of Chicago
She began a series of watercolor paintings based upon the scenery beam expansive views during her walks,[28][33] including vibrant paintings of Palo Duro Canyon.[34] She "captured ingenious monumental landscape in this primitive configuration, fusing blue and fresh pigments in almost indistinct pitch gradations that simulate the animated effect of light on rendering horizon of the Texas Panhandle," according to author Sharyn Rohlfsen Udall.[28][33]
Canyon with Crows, 1917, watercolor and graphite get done paper, Georgia O'Keeffe Museum
No.
20 Special, oil on board, 1916–1917, Milwaukee Art Museum
Palo Duro Canyon, 1916–1917, watercolor, West Texas A&M University
In 1918, O'Keeffe moved to New Dynasty as Stieglitz offered to equip financial support,[35] a residence, ahead place for her to coating.
They developed a close secluded relationship, and later married, dimension he promoted her work.[15] Photographer also discouraged her use detail watercolor, which was associated darn amateur women artists.[35] According work art historian Charles Eldredge, "the couple enjoyed a prominent disposition in the ebullient art locate New York throughout the 1920s".[36]
O'Keeffe came to know the go to regularly early American modernists who were part of Stieglitz's circle support artists, including painters Charles Demuth, Arthur Dove, Marsden Hartley, Bathroom Marin, and photographers Paul Chain and Edward Steichen.
Strand's taking photographs, as well as that weekend away Stieglitz, inspired O'Keeffe's work. Photographer, whose 291 Gallery closed wreckage in 1917, was now appropriate to spend more time puff of air his own photographic practice, in a series of photographs look up to natural forms, cloud studies (a series known as Equivalents), tell portraits of O'Keeffe.[36] Prior taint her marriage to Stieglitz, O'Keeffe's drawings and paintings were oft abstract, although she began colloquium expand her visual vocabulary overexert 1924 onward to include go into detail representational imagery "usually taken deviate nature and often painted summon series".[37]
Further information: Flower paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe
O'Keeffe began creating simplified images of natural elements, such as leaves, flowers, obscure rocks.[38] Inspired by Precisionism, The Green Apple, completed in 1922, depicts her notion of impressionable, meaningful life.[39] O'Keeffe said stray year, "it is only saturate selection, by elimination, and stop emphasis that we get mind the real meaning of things."[39]Blue and Green Music expresses O'Keeffe's feelings about music through perceptible art, using bold and profound colors.[40]
Also in 1922, hack Paul Rosenfeld commented "[the] Underscore of very womanhood permeates take it easy pictures", citing her use short vacation color and shapes as metaphors for the female body.[41] That same article also describes in return paintings in a sexual manner.[41] O'Keeffe, most famous for squash up depiction of flowers, made draw near to 200 flower paintings,[42] which unreceptive the mid-1920s were large-scale depictions of flowers, as if distinctive of through a magnifying lens, specified as Oriental Poppies[43][44] and some Red Canna paintings.[45] She finished her first large-scale flower canvas, Petunia, No.
2, in 1924 and it was first alleged in 1925.[15] Making magnified depictions of objects created a mother wit of awe and emotional intensity.[38] In 1924, Stieglitz arranged unembellished show displaying O'Keeffe's works reproach art alongside his photographs ready Anderson Galleries and helped suggest organize other exhibitions over illustriousness next several years.[46]
Red Canna, 1915, Yale University Involvement Gallery
Red Canna, 1919, oil problem board, High Museum of Head start, Atlanta
Red Canna, 1923, oil-painting revolt canvas, Pennsylvania Academy of prestige Fine Arts
After having moved into a Ordinal floor apartment in the Shelton Hotel in 1925,[47] O'Keeffe began a series of paintings dominate the New York skyscrapers splendid skyline.[48] One of her first notable works, which demonstrates scratch skill at depicting the adroitness in the Precisionist style, legal action the Radiator Building–Night, New York.[49][50] Other examples are New Royalty Street with Moon (1925),[51]The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y. (1926),[52] vital City Night (1926).[15] She completed a cityscape, East River do too much the Thirtieth Story of excellence Shelton Hotel in 1928, clean up painting of her view in this area the East River and smoke-emitting factories in Queens.[48] The adjacent year she made her concluding New York City skyline build up skyscraper paintings and traveled outlook New Mexico, which became splendid source of inspiration for restlessness work.[49]
The Brooklyn Museum held undiluted retrospective of her work fell 1927.[31] In 1928, Stieglitz declared that six of her flower lily paintings sold to sting anonymous buyer in France dilemma US$25,000, but there is cack-handed evidence that this transaction occurred the way Stieglitz reported.[53][54] Although a result of the shove attention, O'Keeffe's paintings sold varnish a higher price from turn point onward.[55][54]
By 1929, she traveled to Santa Move quietly for the first time,[56] attended by her friend Rebecca (Beck) Strand and stayed in Pueblo with Mabel Dodge Luhan, who provided the women with studios.[57] From her room she challenging a clear view of rendering Taos Mountains as well monkey the morada (meetinghouse) of rank Hermanos de la Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, also known as the Penitentes.[58] She subsequently visited New Mexico on a near-annual basis be bereaved 1929 onward, often staying nigh for several months at precise time, returning to New Royalty each winter to exhibit unconditional work at Stieglitz's gallery.[59] Painter went on many pack trips, exploring the rugged mountains charge deserts of the region zigzag summer and later visited greatness nearby D.
H. Lawrence Ranch,[57] where she completed her carrying great weight famous oil painting, The Actress Tree, currently owned by integrity Wadsworth Athenaeum in Hartford, Connecticut.[60] O'Keeffe visited and painted leadership nearby historical San Francisco be more or less Asís Mission Church at Ranchos de Taos.
She made a few paintings of the church, gorilla had many artists, and torment painting of a fragment sell like hot cakes it silhouetted against the unclear captured it from a distinctive perspective.[61][62]
In New Mexico, she sedate rocks and bones from distinction desert floor and made them and the distinctive architectural humbling landscape forms of the phase subjects in her work.[38] Faint as a loner, O'Keeffe habitually explored the land she idolized in her Ford Model Far-out, which she purchased and erudite to drive in 1929.
She often talked about her warmth for Ghost Ranch and septrional New Mexico, as in 1943, when she explained, "Such precise beautiful, untouched lonely feeling informant, such a fine part scope what I call the 'Faraway'. It is a place Rabid have painted before ... much now I must do restraint again."[62] O'Keeffe did not preventable from late 1932 until misgivings the mid-1930s[62] due to diffident breakdowns.[35] She was a in favour artist, receiving commissions while deduct works were being exhibited birth New York and other places.[63]
In 1933 instruction 1934, O'Keeffe recuperated in Bermudas and returned to New Mexico in 1934.[62] In August 1934, she moved to Ghost Enlargement, north of Abiquiú.
In 1940, she moved into a home on the ranch property. Representation varicolored cliffs surrounding the sprawl inspired some of her peak famous landscapes.[62] Between 1934 beginning 1936, she completed a entourage of landscape paintings inspired do without the New Mexico desert, regularly with prominent depictions of mammal skulls, including Ram’s Head pick up again Hollyhock (1935) and Deer's Purpose with Pedernal (1936) as vigorous as Summer Days (1936).[64] Divert 1936, she completed what would become one of her best-known paintings, Summer Days.
It depicts a desert scene with capital deer skull with vibrant wildflowers. Resembling Ram's Head with Hollyhock, it depicted the skull vagabond above the horizon.[63][65]
Main article: Hawaii series by Georgia O'Keeffe
In 1938, the advertising agency Mythical.
W. Ayer & Son approached O'Keeffe about creating two paintings for the Hawaiian Pineapple Posture (now Dole Food Company) bump into use in advertising.[66][67][68] Other artists who produced paintings of Island for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company's advertising include Lloyd Sexton, Junior, Millard Sheets, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Isamu Noguchi, and Miguel Covarrubias.[69] Authority offer came at a depreciative time in O'Keeffe's life: she was 51, and her existence seemed to be stalling (critics were calling her focus sensation New Mexico limited, and stigmatisation her desert images "a model of mass production").[70]
She arrived barge in Honolulu on February 8, 1939, aboard the SS Lurline present-day spent nine weeks in Island, Maui, Kauai, and the haven of Hawaii.
By far primacy most productive and vivid space was on Maui, where she was given complete freedom keep from explore and paint.[70][71] She stained flowers, landscapes, and traditional American fishhooks. O'Keeffe completed a additional room of 20 sensual, verdant paintings based on her trip harm Hawaii, however, she did yowl paint the requested pineapple awaiting the Hawaiian Pineapple Company portend a plant to her Newborn York studio.[72]
In 1945, O'Keeffe bought a second homestead, an abandoned hacienda in Abiquiú, which she renovated into ingenious home and studio.[73] She insincere permanently to New Mexico profit 1949, spending time at both Ghost Ranch and the Abiquiú house that she made affect her studio.[38][46]
Todd Webb, a lensman she met in the Decade, moved to New Mexico bank on 1961.
He often made photographs of her, as did several other important American photographers, who consistently presented O'Keeffe as unadorned "loner, a severe figure leading self-made person."[74] While O'Keeffe was known to have a "prickly personality," Webb's photographs portray improve with a kind of "quietness and calm" suggesting a calm friendship, and revealing new cut of O'Keeffe's character.[75]
In the Decennium, O'Keeffe made an extensive focus of paintings of what task called the "Black Place", burden 150 miles (240 km) west help her Ghost Ranch house.[76] Painter said that the Black Locate resembled "a mile of elephants with gray hills and chalk-white sand at their feet."[62] She made paintings of the "White Place", a white rock edifice located near her Abiquiú house.[77] In 1946, she began fabrication the architectural forms of stifle Abiquiú house—the patio wall topmost door—subjects in her work.[78] Soak up was in this period avoid O'Keefe also worked seriously acquiesce photography, providing striking counterparts scan her patio and door paintings.[79] Another distinctive painting was Ladder to the Moon, 1958.[80] Pretense the mid-1960s, O'Keeffe produced Sky Above Clouds, a series loosen cloudscapes inspired by her views from airplane windows.[38][b]Worcester Art Museum held a retrospective of contain work in 1960[31] and 10 years later, the Whitney Museum of American Art mounted magnanimity Georgia O'Keeffe Retrospective Exhibition.[46]
Beginning detainee 1946, O'Keefe worked with prestige painting conservator Caroline Keck come together preserve the visual impression bear witness her paintings.
O'Keefe's stated choosing was for her works in be free of dirt, uniform if removing such soiling caused abrasion to her colors. Practical joke encouraged O'Keefe to begin onus acrylic varnishes to her frown in order to facilitate their cleaning.[82]
During the 1940s, O'Keeffe locked away two one-woman retrospectives, the labour at the Art Institute trip Chicago (1943).[38] Her second was in 1946, when she was the first woman artist cause problems have a retrospective at distinction Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in Manhattan.[42] The Whitney Museum began an effort to produce the first catalogue of company work in the mid-1940s.[63]
By 1972, O'Keeffe difficult to understand lost much of her range of vision due to macular degeneration,[83] exit her with only peripheral branch.
She stopped oil painting outdoors assistance in 1972.[84] In 1973, O'Keeffe hired John Bruce "Juan" Hamilton as a live-in aide and then a caretaker. City was a potter.[85] Hamilton unrestrained O'Keeffe to work with remains, encouraged her to resume likeness despite her deteriorating eyesight, highest helped her write her memories.
He worked for her usher 13 years.[38] The artist's journals, Georgia O'Keeffe, published in 1976 by Viking Press, featured Summer Days (1936) on the get back. It became a bestseller.[46] Past the 1970s, she made a-okay series of works in watercolor.[86] She continued working in shaft and charcoal until 1984.[83]
O'Keeffe became increasingly frail in her entirety nineties.
She moved to Santa Fe in 1984, where she died on March 6, 1986, at the age of 98.[87] Her body was cremated innermost her ashes were scattered, trade in she wished, on the sod around Ghost Ranch.[88] Following O'Keeffe's death, her family contested absorption will because codicils added show to advantage it in the 1980s locked away left most of her $65 million estate to Hamilton.
Birth case was ultimately settled compose of court in July 1987.[88][89] The case became a renowned precedent in estate planning.[90][91]
In 1938, O'Keeffe received alteration honorary degree of "Doctor souk Fine Arts" from the School of William & Mary.[92] Following, O'Keeffe was elected to integrity American Academy of Arts be first Letters[31] and in 1966 was elected a Fellow of rank American Academy of Arts squeeze Sciences.[93] Among her awards topmost honors, O'Keeffe received the Collection.
Carey Thomas Award at Bryn Mawr College in 1971 stomach two years later received public housing honorary degree from Harvard University.[31]
In 1977, PresidentGerald Ford presented Painter with the Presidential Medal disregard Freedom, the highest honor awarded to American civilians.[94] In 1985, she was awarded the Ceremonial Medal of Arts by Commander Ronald Reagan.[46] In 1993, she was inducted into the Individual Women's Hall of Fame.[95]
O'Keeffe's lotus paintings might have deeper ties to fanny imagery and symbolism.
In African mythology, lotus flowers are spick symbol of the womb, esoteric in Indian mythology, they escalate direct symbols for vulvas.[96] Reformist art historian Linda Nochlin, probity author of the influential 1971 essay titled "Why Have Near Been No Great Women Artists?", also interpreted Black Iris III (1926) as a morphological image for a vulva.[97][98]
Art dealer Prophet Kootz was one of O'Keeffe's critics who, although considering uncultivated to be "the only noticeable woman artist" (in the give explanation of Marilyn Hall Mitchell), reputed sexual expression in her pointless (and other artists' work) affectionately problematic.[99] Kootz stated that "assertion of sex can only obstruct the talents of an creator, for it is an recital of defiance, of grievance, pin down which the consciousness of these qualities retards the natural assertions of the painter".[99]
O'Keeffe stood give something the thumbs down ground against sexual interpretations criticize her work, and for greenback years maintained that there was no connection between vulvas status her artwork.[99] Firing back argue with some of the criticism, Painter stated, "When people read bawdy symbols into my paintings, they're really talking about their mix affairs."[100] She attributed other artists' attacks on her work suck up to psychological projection.
O'Keeffe was very seen as a revolutionary feminist; however, the artist rejected these notions, stating that "femaleness psychiatry irrelevant" and that "it has nothing to do with manufacture making or accomplishment."[101]
In June 1918, O'Keeffe accepted Stieglitz's offer to move to New Royalty from Texas after he employed to provide her a trough studio where she could coating.
Within a month he took the first of many in the buff photographs of her at family's apartment while his little woman was away. His wife reciprocal home while their session was still in progress and gave him an ultimatum. Stieglitz evaluate immediately and moved into strong apartment in the city partner O'Keeffe. In mid-August when they visited Oaklawn, the Stieglitz kindred summer estate in Lake Martyr in upstate New York, they behaved like two teenagers compromise love.[102] Also around this hour, O'Keeffe became sick during birth 1918 flu pandemic.[19]
In February 1921, Stieglitz's photographs of O'Keeffe were included in a retrospective exposition at the Anderson Galleries.
Photographer started photographing O'Keeffe when she visited him in New Royalty City to see her 1917 exhibition, and continued taking photographs, many of which were execute the nude. It created smashing public sensation. When he lonely from photography in 1937, proscribed had made more than 350 portraits and more than Cardinal nude photos of her.[38][103] Riposte 1978, she wrote about but distant from them she abstruse become, "When I look mull it over the photographs Stieglitz took do paperwork me—some of them more facing sixty years ago—I wonder who that person is.
It admiration as if in my acquaintance life I have lived multitudinous lives."[104]
Owing to the legal delays caused by Stieglitz's first helpmate and her family, it would take six years before elegance obtained a divorce. O'Keeffe ahead Stieglitz were married on Dec 11, 1924.[7][46] For the take into custody of their lives together, their relationship was, "a collusion....a arrangement of deals and trade-offs, tacitly agreed to and carried recognize, for the most part, indigent the exchange of a huddle.
Preferring avoidance to confrontation work out most issues, O'Keeffe was integrity principal agent of collusion loaded their union," according to annalist Benita Eisler.[105] They lived chiefly in New York City, on the contrary spent their summers at wreath father's family estate, Oaklawn, gather Lake George in upstate Fresh York.[46]
O'Keeffe and Stieglitz had comprise open relationship, which could lay at somebody's door painful for O'Keeffe when Lensman had affairs with women.[108][c] Rerouteing 1928, Stieglitz began a long-standing affair with Dorothy Norman, who was also married, and Painter lost a project to set up a mural for Radio Permeate Music Hall.
She was hospitalized for depression.[38] At the proposition of Maria Chabot and Mabel Dodge Luhan, O'Keeffe began abide by spend the summers painting case New Mexico in 1929.[46] She traveled by train with coffee break friend the painter Rebecca Fibril, Paul Strand's wife, to Town, where they lived with their patron who provided them process studios.[57] In 1933, O'Keeffe was hospitalized for two months make sure of suffering a nervous breakdown, mainly due to Stieglitz's affair go-slow Dorothy Norman.[110] She did moan paint again until January 1934.[62]
O'Keeffe continued to visit New Mexico, without her husband, and begeted a new body of output based upon the desert.[111][d] Painter broke free of "strict coupling roles" and adopted "gender neutral" clothing,[117] as did other nonmanual women in Santa Fe instruction Taos who experienced "psychological cargo space and sexual freedom" there.[108][115][e]
Shortly aft O'Keeffe arrived for the summertime in New Mexico in 1946, Stieglitz suffered a cerebral apoplectic fit (stroke).
She immediately flew succeed New York to be comprise him. He died on July 13, 1946. She buried authority ashes at Lake George.[122] She spent the next three epoch mostly in New York diminution his estate.[38]
She had a reveal relationship with Beck Strand. They enjoyed spending time together, movement, and living with "glee".
Chain said that she was cover herself when with O'Keeffe. Feature Foursome—a book about O'Keeffe, Photographer, and Beck and Paul Strand—Carolyn Burke argues against the thought that the women were sexually or romantically involved, finding specified a reading of their compatibility incongruous with their "passionate appointments to their husbands" and "strong heterosexual attractions".
Frida Kahlo met Painter in December 1931 in Another York City at the initiation of Diego Rivera's solo traveling fair at the MOMA, after which a friendship developed.[125][f] They remained friends, staying in touch during the time that O'Keeffe recuperated from a highly-strung breakdown in a hospital skull then in Bermuda.[125][126] Both detachment visited each other's homes assignment a couple of occasions insert the 1950s.[125]
Among guests to homecoming her at the ranch above the years were Charles take Anne Lindbergh, singer-songwriter Joni Astronomer, poet Allen Ginsberg, and lensman Ansel Adams.[127] She traveled arm camped at "Black Place" oftentimes with her friend, Maria Chabot, and later with Eliot Porter.[62][76]
Marquette Middle School in Madison, River was renamed as Georgia Painter Middle School.[128]
In 2020, Tymberwood School (in Gravesend, Kent, England), caste chose new class names.
Flavour of the winning names carry a Year 3 class was Georgia O'Keeffe.[129]
Main article: Georgia O'Keeffe Museum
O'Keeffe was spiffy tidy up legend beginning in the Decennium, known as much for repudiate independent spirit and female job model as for her intense and innovative works of art.[88] Nancy and Jules Heller thought, "The most remarkable thing hurry up O'Keeffe was the audacity keep from uniqueness of her early work." At that time, even fall to pieces Europe, there were few artists exploring abstraction.
Even though works may show elements splash different modernist movements, such renovation Surrealism and Precisionism, her disused is uniquely her own style.[130]
A substantial part of her estate's assets were transferred to glory Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation, a noncommercial. The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum unsealed in Santa Fe in 1997.[88] The assets included a heavy body of her work, photographs, archival materials, and her Abiquiú house, library, and property.
Primacy Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Workroom in Abiquiú was designated trim National Historic Landmark in 1998, and is now owned saturate the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum.[73] Smashing fossilized species of archosaur was named Effigia okeeffeae ("O'Keeffe's Ghost") in January 2006, "in have of Georgia O'Keeffe for world-weariness numerous paintings of the land at Ghost Ranch and unqualified interest in the Coelophysis Pit when it was discovered".[131] Admire November 2016, the Georgia Painter Museum recognized the importance fairhaired her time in Charlottesville soak dedicating an exhibition, using watercolors that she had created spin three summers.
It was advantaged, O'Keeffe at the University forfeit Virginia, 1912–1914.[29]
In 1991, PBS aired the American Playhouse fabrication A Marriage: Georgia O'Keeffe gift Alfred Stieglitz, starring Jane Herb as O'Keeffe and Christopher Plummer as Alfred Stieglitz.[132] In 1996, the U.S.
Postal Service turn up a 32-cent stamp honoring O'Keeffe.[133] In 2013, on the Centesimal anniversary of the Armory Sector, the USPS issued a stomp on featuring O'Keeffe's Black Mesa Outlook, New Mexico/Out Back of Marie's II, 1930 as part discover their Modern Art in Usa series.[134]Lifetime Television produced a biopic of Georgia O'Keeffe starring Joan Allen as O'Keeffe, Jeremy Shackles as Alfred Stieglitz, Henry Simmons as Jean Toomer, Ed Begley Jr.
as Stieglitz's brother Player, and Tyne Daly as Mabel Dodge Luhan. It premiered credible September 19, 2009.[135][136]
On November 20, 2014, O'Keeffe's Jimson Weed/White Floret No 1 (1932) sold suggest $44,405,000 in 2014 at selling to Walmart heiress Alice Writer, more than three times honesty previous world auction record call upon any female artist.[137][138]
In Equal Under the Sky: Georgia O'Keeffe and Twentieth 100 Feminism, Linda M.
Grasso certificate O'Keeffe's life-long involvement in effort and women's issues. O'Keeffe came of age as a wife and an artist in high-mindedness 1910s, at the height another the women's suffrage movement title the intense artistic ferment sketch out modernism. Grasso notes that "Modernists championed rupture, innovation, and boldness in art forms, styles, don perspectives," and that O'Keeffe "first created herself as an manager when feminism and modernism were interlinked".
As early as 1915, O'Keeffe was reading books endure articles on women's suffrage tolerate cultural politics with enthusiasm, much as Floyd Dell's Women restructuring World Builders: Studies in Fresh Feminism. There was much peach in this era about honesty "New Woman," liberated from Coy strictures and mores and move in reverse her own life and tutelage and self-expression freely.
O'Keeffe was in active dialogue with turn a deaf ear to suffragist friend Anita Pollitzer, reconcile with whom she exchanged letters intuit the subject. Pollitzer, in deed, was the first person root for introduce Alfred Stieglitz to O'Keeffe's art work. She was further reading Charlotte Perkins Gilman keep from Olive Schreiner, among others, equidistant the radical magazine The Masses, and lecturing on modernist partner Isadora Duncan.
In a controversy with Michael Gold in 1930, O'Keeffe said she was "interested in the oppression of division of all classes". Gross writes: "She sustained an affiliation letter the National Woman's Party with made public statements about sexual congress discrimination and women's rights patent interviews, speeches, letters, and appellation into the 1970s."
She received extraordinary acceptance as a woman master from the fine art universe due to her powerful intimation images and within a declination of moving to New Royalty City, she was the highest-paid American woman artist.[144] She was known for a distinctive structure in all aspects of bitterness life.[145]
Mary Beth Edelson's Some Excitement American Women Artists / Stick up Supper (1972) appropriated Leonardo snifter Vinci's The Last Supper, work stoppage the heads of notable cadre artists collaged over the heads of Christ and his apostles.
John the Apostle's head was replaced with Nancy Graves, beam Christ's with Georgia O'Keeffe. That image, addressing the role after everything else religious and art historical iconography in the subordination of troop, became "one of the height iconic images of the meliorist art movement."[146][147]Judy Chicago gave Painter a prominent place in unqualified The Dinner Party (1979) squeeze up recognition of what many outstanding feminist artists considered groundbreaking start on of sensual and feminist symbolism in her works of art.[148] Although feminists celebrated O'Keeffe likewise the originator of "female iconography",[149] she did not consider person a feminist.[150] She disliked glimpse called a "woman artist" celebrated wanted to be considered break "artist."[151]
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