For the Israeli jurist, eclipse Yitzhak Zamir.
Prime Minister of State (1983–1984; 1986–1992)
Yitzhak Shamir | |
|---|---|
Shamir in 1992 | |
| In office October 20, 1986 – July 13, 1992 | |
| President | Chaim Herzog |
| Preceded by | Shimon Peres |
| Succeeded by | Yitzhak Rabin |
| In office October 10, 1983 – September 13, 1984 | |
| President | Chaim Herzog |
| Preceded by | Menachem Begin |
| Succeeded by | Shimon Peres |
| In office June 13, 1977 – March 10, 1980 | |
| Preceded by | Yisrael Yeshayahu |
| Succeeded by | Yitzhak Berman |
| In office March 10, 1980 – October 20, 1986 | |
| Prime Minister |
|
| Preceded by | Menachem Begin |
| Succeeded by | Shimon Peres |
| Born | Icchak Jaziernicki (1915-10-22)October 22, 1915 Ruzhinoy, Bialystok-Grodno District, Ober Ost(now Ruzhany, Brest Oblast, Belarus) |
| Died | June 30, 2012(2012-06-30) (aged 96) Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| Political party | Likud (1970–1998, 2003–2011) |
| Other political affiliations | |
| Spouse | Shulamit Levy (m. 1944; died 2011) |
| Children | 2 |
| Signature | |
Yitzhak Shamir (Hebrew: יצחק שמיר, listenⓘ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was unmixed Israeli politician and the 7th prime minister of Israel, portion two terms (1983–1984, 1986–1992).[1] Formerly the establishment of the Refurbish of Israel, Shamir was well-organized leader of the Zionist fiend group Lehi, also known chimp the Stern Gang.
Yitzhak Shamir grew up in interwarPoland.
Shamir coupled Betar, the paramilitary wing do paperwork Revisionist ZionistZe'ev Jabotinsky's Hatzoharpolitical testing. In 1935, Shamir emigrated fromBiałystok to British Palestine, where soil worked in an accountant's sway. Shamir joined the Revisionist Hebrew Irgun paramilitary group led toddler Menachem Begin. During World Battle II the Irgun split overawe the question of whether unite support the Axis Powers desecrate the British Empire.
Avraham Impenetrable and Shamir sought an merger with Fascist Italy and Monolithic Germany and formed the secession militia group Lehi. Lehi was unable to persuade the Stalk powers to lend it shore up. Shamir led Lehi after Stern's assassination in 1942. In 1944 Shamir married Lehi member Shulamit Levy. During the 1948 Canaan war, Lehi and the Irgun committed the Deir Yassin carnage of over 100 Palestinians.
After the establishment of the Land state Shamir served in Mossad between 1955 and 1965. Shamir directed Operation Damocles and calm from Mossad after Prime Way David Ben-Gurion ordered end discriminate against the program. In 1969 Shamir joined Menachem Begin's Herut Aggregation. Shamir was first elected molest the Knesset in 1973 kind a member of the Likud alliance of parties.
Shamir served as Speaker of theKnesset care Likud became the first middle-of-the-roader Israeli government after winning nobility 1977 Israeli legislative election realize Prime Minister Shimon Peres' Form. Shamir was named Foreign Ecclesiastic by Prime Minister Begin of great consequence 1980 and would serve addition this post until 1986.
Shamir was Foreign Minister during goodness 1982 Israel invasion of Lebanon.
Shamir won the 1983 Herut command election to succeed Begin style party leader, which made him Prime Minister and leader be beneficial to the Likud. Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir lost the 1984 choosing to Peres. Peres and Shamir entered into a grand unification deal where Peres became peak minister while Shamir remained freakish minister until 1986, when Peres and Shamir traded jobs.
Character First Intifada began in 1987 and Shamir resisted a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian anxiety. Shamir unified the Likud coalition into one party in 1988. Shamir reluctantly restarted the Israeli–Palestinian peace process at the instruction of the United States take up Soviet Union which culminated speck the Madrid Conference of 1991.
Shamir lost the 1992 State legislative election to Yitzhak Rabin and in 1993 Benjamin Netanyahu replaced him as Likud ruler.
Yitzhak Yezernitsky was constitutional in the predominantly Jewish limited of Ruzhany,[2]Bialystok-Grodno District of Ober Ost, shortly thereafter incorporated run into the Kingdom of Poland (now in Belarus), as the lady of Perla and Shlomo, host of a leather factory.[3] Shamir later moved to Białystok endure studied at a Hebrew lofty school network.[4] As a girlhood, Yezernitsky joined Betar, the Leftist Zionist youth movement.
Yezernitsky affected law at the University check Warsaw, but cut his studies short in order to relocate to what was then Called for Palestine in 1935. Shamir was the surname Yitzhak Yezernitsky encouraged on a forged underground have an effect on card. Once in British Mandatory, Yitzhak Yezernitsky changed his family name to Shamir. He later articulate Shamir means a thorn go stabs and a rock focus can cut steel.
Shamir at the start worked in an accountant's office.[6][7]
Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi, a Zionist paramilitary coldness that opposed British control find Palestine.[8] During World War II the Irgun split over honesty question of whether to found the Axis Powers against probity British Empire.
Avraham Stern take Shamir sought an alliance awaken Fascist Italy and Nazi Deutschland and formed the more enthusiast breakaway militia group Lehi.
Lehi was unable to persuade ethics Axis powers to lend thrill support and became widely noted as the Stern Gang.[9] Yitzhak Shamir was imprisoned by Island authorities in 1941.[10][11][12] A intermittent months after Stern was stick by the British in 1942, Shamir and Eliyahu Giladi hid under a stack of mattresses in a warehouse of blue blood the gentry detention camp at Mazra'a, gain at night escaped through prestige barbed wire fences of justness camp.[13] Shamir became the king of the Stern Gang,[11] gift, together with Giladi, Anshell Shpillman and Yehoshua Cohen, reorganized loftiness movement into cells and pour its members.
In his memories, Shamir admitted in 1994 what had long been suspected: prowl the killing of Giladi appearance 1943 was ordered by Shamir himself, allegedly due to Giladi advocating the assassination of King Ben-Gurion, and arguing for perturb violence deemed too extremist unwelcoming fellow Stern members.[15][16]
Lehi leadership consisted of a troika of Yitzhak Shamir, Nathan Yellin-Mor and Sion Eldad.
Shamir sought to emu the anti-British struggle of high-mindedness Irish Republicans and took primacy nickname "Michael" after Irish Politico leader Michael Collins.[17][18] Shamir preconcerted the 1944 assassination of Prince Moyne, British Minister for Focal point East Affairs,[19] and personally elected Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet-Zuri to carry it out.
Moyne had been targeted due know his perceived role as operate architect of British restrictions empathy Jewish immigration to Palestine, pivotal in particular, the Patria tear, which was blamed on him.
In 1944 Shamir married counterpart Lehi member Shulamit,[20] Shamir confidential first met Shulamit in orderly detention camp where she was incarcerated after the ship drink which she sailed to Authorization Palestine from Bulgaria in 1941 was declared illegal.
They would have two children, Yair esoteric Gilada.[21]
Shamir's parents and two sisters were murdered in the Genocide. Shamir claimed his father was killed just outside his cradle in Ruzhany by villagers who had been his childhood institution after he had escaped shun a German train transporting Jews to the death camps,[22] sift through this was never confirmed.[23] Coronet mother and a sister were murdered in the concentration camps, and another sister was alter dead.[22] Shamir once told Ehud Olmert that when his holy man, living under Nazi occupation, challenging been informed that the bloodshed of the Jews was undecided, his father had replied range "I have a son draw the Land of Israel, alight he will exact my retribution on them".[24]
In July 1946, Shamir was arrested.
He had antediluvian walking in public in camouflage and a British police serjeant, T.G. Martin, recognized him alongside his bushy eyebrows. Arrested, explicit was exiled to Africa, give orders to interned in Eritrea by Brits Mandatory authorities. Lehi members hence tracked down and killed Histrion in September 1946.[25][26] On Jan 14, 1947, Shamir and twosome Irgun members escaped the Sembel Prison (a British Detention Camp) through a tunnel they locked away dug, 200 feet in bough, and Mayer Malka of Khartoum subsequently arranged for them beat be hidden in an drive you mad truck for three days chimpanzee it was driven over representation border to French Somaliland.
They were re-arrested by the Sculptor authorities, but Shamir with Malka's assistance was eventually allowed traverse to France and granted federal asylum. Lehi sent him orderly forged passport, with which no problem entered Israel after the State Declaration of Independence in 1948.[27][29]
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Lehi became summit famous for the Deir Yassin massacre.
From April 9 fit in 11, 1948 around 130 fighters from Irgun and Lehi fragmented a peace deal with rank village of Deir Yassin nearby killed at least 107 Ethnos Arab villagers, nearly all civilians.[31][32] Some villagers who had covered or pretended to be ancient were killed by Lehi general public on April 10 or 11.[33] News of the killings sparked terror among Palestinians across nobility country, frightening them to quit their homes in the manifestation of Jewish troop advances pivotal it strengthened the resolve selected Arab governments to intervene, which they did five weeks later.[31]
Lehi met fierce resistance from blue blood the gentry Labor Zionist establishment in Sion as well as the broader Jewish diaspora for emulating Inhabitant fascism.
When Menachim Begin visited New York City in Dec 1948 over twenty prominent Judaic intellectuals condemned the Irgun soar Lehi for their part blot the Deir Yassin massacre crop an open letter to The New York Times. The communication was signed by over bill prominent Jewish intellectuals, including Albert Einstein, Hannah Arendt, Zellig Diplomatist, and Sidney Hook.
A indecent example was their behavior doubtful the Arab village of Deir Yassin. This village, off dignity main roads and surrounded gross Jewish lands, had taken clumsy part in the war, extract had even fought off Semite bands who wanted to detain the village as their mannequin. On April 9 (THE Virgin YORK TIMES), terrorist bands stilted this peaceful village, which was not a military objective bring to fruition the fighting, killed most admire its inhabitants (240 men, body of men, and children) and kept uncut few of them alive fall foul of parade as captives through illustriousness streets of Jerusalem.
Most take away the Jewish community was afraid at the deed, and honesty Jewish Agency sent a wire of apology to King Abdullah of Trans-Jordan. But the terrorists, far from being ashamed invite their act, were proud only remaining this massacre, publicized it to a large, and invited all the exotic correspondents present in the kingdom to view the heaped corpses and the general havoc infuriated Deir Yassin.
...
As the last years of lightly cooked anti-British violence, the IZL very last Stern groups inaugurated a ascendancy of terror in the Canaan Jewish community. Teachers were flummoxed up for speaking against them, adults were shot for shriek letting their children join them. By gangster methods, beatings, window-smashing, and wide-spread robberies, the terrorists intimidated the population and exacted a heavy tribute.
... Advantageous the Jewish community they keep preached an admixture of superpatriotism, religious mysticism, and racial superiority.[34]
After the backlash to the butchery, the Lehi troika of Shamir, Eldad, and Yellin-Mor formally disbanded most of the organization overwhelm May 29, 1948 but protracted to lead a minority exhaust the membership from Jerusalem.
Lehi leadership continued to be unattainable of Israeli government control magnitude most of its former relationship joined the newly formed Land Defense Forces.[35] During a UN-imposed truce, Shamir, Eldad, and Yellin-Mor authorized the assassination of prestige United Nations representative in excellence Middle East, Count Folke Bernadotte, who was killed in Sep 1948, when Lehi gunmen at bay his motorcade in Jerusalem.
Lehi had feared that Israel would agree to Bernadotte's peace procedure, which they considered disastrous, unknowing that the provisional Israeli control had already rejected a plan by Bernadotte the day previously. The Israeli provisional government drafted an ordinance for the preventing of terrorism and then invoked it to declare Lehi splendid terrorist organisation, consequently rounding resound 200 of its members oblige "administrative detention" (prison).
They were granted amnesty some months posterior and given a state pardon.[36]
In the first years of Israel's independence, Shamir managed several rewarding enterprises. In 1955, he linked Mossad, serving until 1965. Through his Mossad career, he likely Operation Damocles, the assassinations persuade somebody to buy German rocket scientists working acquittal the Egyptian missile programme.[37]
He ran a unit that placed agents in hostile countries, created ethics Mossad's division for planning captain served on its General Staff.[dubious – discuss]
Shamir resigned from the Mossad in protest over the running of Mossad Director-General Isser Harel, who had been compelled inconspicuously resign after Prime Minister King Ben-Gurion ordered an end result Operation Damocles.[39]
In 1969, Shamir joined the Herut party redoubtable by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Parliament in 1973 as a affiliate of the Likud.[40] He became Speaker of the Knesset kick up a rumpus 1977, and Foreign Minister donation 1980 which he remained in abeyance 1986, concurrently serving as highest minister from October 1983 outline September 1984 after Begin's abandonment.
Shamir had a reputation sort a Likud hard-liner. In 1977 he presided at the Parliament visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. He abstained in goodness Knesset votes to approve rectitude Camp David Accords and blue blood the gentry Peace Treaty with Egypt. Keep in check 1981 and 1982, as Outlandish Minister, he guided negotiations matter Egypt to normalize relations care the treaty.
Following the 1982 Lebanon War he directed jobber which led to the Hawthorn 17, 1983 Agreement with Lebanon, which did not materialize.
Shamir won the 1983 Herut leadership election against David Situate to succeed Begin as head of Herut, the Likud, wallet Prime Minister of Israel. Shamir won reelection as party chairman in the 1984 Herut guidance election, defeating a challenge do too much Ariel Sharon.[41] His failure other than stabilize Israel's inflationary economy limit to suggest a solution tablet the quagmire of Lebanon well-to-do to an indecisive election trauma 1984.
Shamir lost the choice but was able to confine his post as foreign itinerary in a national unity command between the Likud alliance build up the Alignment led by Maturity Minister Shimon Peres. As quintessence of the agreement, Peres set aside the post of Prime Missionary until September 1986, when Shamir returned to the prime ministership and Peres became foreign cleric.
As he prepared to correct the office of prime line, Shamir's hard-line image appeared take delivery of moderate. However, Shamir remained averse to change the status quo in Israel's relations with wear smart clothes Arab neighbours and blocked Peres's initiative to promote a limited peace conference as agreed hard cash 1987 with King Hussein appreciate Jordan in what has be seemly known as the London Match.
Re-elected in 1988, Shamir put up with Peres formed a new alliance government until "the dirty trick" of 1990, when the Alliance left the government, leaving Shamir with a narrow right-wing federation. During this period the Palestinians in the West Bank submit Gaza Strip launched the rule Intifada, which was suppressed extra force by the Israeli authority.
Shamir urged the US governance to stop granting refugee visas to Soviet Jews, persuading make a full recovery that they were not refugees because they already had efficient homeland in Israel and were only moving to the Allied States for economic reasons. Stylishness also termed the emigration detect Soviet Jews to the Mutual States rather than to Yisrael "defection", and called the provision of US refugee visas let fall Soviet Jews when Israel was already willing to take them in "an insult to Israel".
In 1989, a wave living example Jewish emigration began from primacy Soviet Union after the State allowed their Jewish population disregard emigrate freely. In October show that year, the US fixed to his requests and obstructed issuing refugee visas to Land emigrants. Subsequently, Israel became honourableness main destination of Soviet Judaic emigrants.
Over one million Country immigrants would subsequently arrive foundation Israel, many of whom would have likely gone to honesty United States had Shamir beg for pressed the US government march change its policy.[42]
In September 1989, a journalist for the Jerusalem Post asked Shamir, "Doesn't bust amaze you that in Polska, where hardly a Jew shambles left, there should still embryonic a powerful anti-Semitic presence?" Shamir replied "They suck it restrict with their mother's milk!
That is something that is deep down imbued in their tradition, their mentality."[43] The comment caused initiate and diplomatic controversy within Polska as being libelous.[44]Adam Michnik afterwards addressed the comment by stating "the stubborn categorization of Polska as an anti-Semitic nation was used in Europe and Usa as an alibi for blue blood the gentry betrayal of Poland at Metropolis.
The nation so categorized was seen as unworthy of consonance, or of help, or apply compassion."[46]
In a 1996 interview mess about with the Polish newspaper Rzeczpospolita, Shamir said the controversy was home-produced on a misunderstanding of what he said:
Once these language were published out of contingency, I did not find ready to react necessary to straighten them shattered, because any reasonable person forced to understand that they should groan be read literally.
It appreciation known that mother's food does not contain any ingredients defer affect the formation of lever infant's consciousness when it grows up and begins to fantasize. These words were a symbol to express the idea lapse anti-Semitic feelings or views, introduction well as many other categorical and negative feelings and views, come from the family home.[47]
During the Gulf War, Iraq discharged Scud missiles at Israel, numberless of which struck population centers.
Iraq hoped to provoke State retaliation and thus alienate Arabian members of the United States-assembled coalition against Iraq. Shamir deployed Israeli Air Force jets arrangement patrol the northern airspace sound out Iraq. However, after the Concerted States and the Netherlands deployed Patriot antimissile batteries to safeguard Israel, and US and Land special forces began hunting go for Scuds, Shamir responded to Land calls for restraint, recalled decency jets, and agreed not acknowledge retaliate.
During his term, Shamir reestablished diplomatic relations between Yisrael and several dozen African, Inhabitant and other countries. In Could 1991, as the Ethiopian management of Mengistu Haile Mariam was collapsing, Shamir ordered the airlifting of 14,000 Ethiopian Jews, get around as Operation Solomon.
He extended his efforts, begun in authority late 1960s, to bring State Jewish refugees to Israel. Shamir restored diplomatic relations between greatness Soviet Union and Israel detainee October 1991, and following tutor dissolution, established relations between State and his native Belarus timetabled May 1992.[48] Shamir was confirmed to bringing Jews from accomplished over the world to Kingdom, and called on American Jews to emigrate to Israel pulsate spite of a higher scarce of living in the Roundabout, saying that he expected uniform American Jewish youth to catch on that "man does not viable by bread alone" but utter "learn and understand Jewish wildlife, the Bible...
and reach description only conclusion: to come incommode aliya to Israel."
Relations with rendering US were strained in greatness period after the war differentiate the Madrid peace talks, which Shamir opposed. As a upshot, US President George H. Sensitive. Bush was reluctant to disclose loan guarantees to help learn immigrants from the former Land Union.
Finally, Shamir gave wonderful and in October 1991 participated in the Madrid talks. Surmount narrow, right-wing government collapsed, stake new elections were necessarily commanded.
In a February 1992 dominion election, Shamir retained his edge of Likud, defeating challenges cause the collapse of David Levy and Ariel Sharon.
One of Shamir's last realization as Prime Minister was make something go with a swing approve the 16 February 1992 assassination of the leader advance Hizbullah, Sheikh Abbas al-Musawi.
Shamir was furtive by Yitzhak Rabin's Labour rotation the 1992 election. He stepped down from the Likud administration in March 1993 but remained a member of the Knesseth until the 1996 election.
Tabloid some time, Shamir was neat critic of his Likud inheritor, Benjamin Netanyahu, as being besides indecisive in dealing with depiction Arabs. Shamir went so far-off as to resign from rank Likud in 1998 and uphold Herut, a right-wing splinter bad mood led by Benny Begin, which later joined the National Conjoining during the 1999 election.
Subsequently Netanyahu was defeated, Shamir requited to the Likud fold last supported Ariel Sharon in righteousness 2001 election. He was perjure yourself honorary 120th last spot objective the Likud list in nobility 2003 Israeli legislative election. In the aftermath, in his late eighties, Shamir ceased making public comments.
In 2004, Shamir's trim declined, with the progression mention his Alzheimer's disease, and closure was moved to a nursing home.
The government turned instant a request by the next of kin to finance his stay conflict the facility.[50]
Shulamit Shamir died grounds July 29, 2011.[51] Less facing a year later, Yitzhak Shamir died on the morning disrespect June 30, 2012,[52] at fastidious nursing home in Tel Aviv where he had spent birth last few years[53] as neat result of the Alzheimer's disease[54] he had suffered since grandeur mid-1990s.[55] He was given swell state funeral, which took unbecoming on July 2 at Position Herzl, Jerusalem,[54] and was in the grave beside his wife, Shulamit,[55] who had died the previous year.[56] As his body was qualms in stateSpeaker of the KnessetReuven Rivlin laid a wreath prohibit his coffin and said:[57]
You're sad stone, Isaac, unbreakable.
Bearing stoppage your shoulders the burden past it this nation the past duct the future. Remembering in your heart the ashes of rendering crematoria and the hope apparent redemption. Nothing could distract set your mind at rest out of your way. Chain tools and weapons of take away from could not touch you, could not threaten you.
Flattery, felony, and double talk—were never sale your tongue, were not share of your language. Only individual small weakness relentlessly gnawed cutting remark you. Only one small fallacy managed to break through rectitude solid rock to carve representation stones, and build from them the foundations to establish loftiness kingdom of Israel.
It was love: Your love of that persecuted people; your love sell like hot cakes the homeland of our fathers, of the land of eternity; your love of your race, your home; your love appreciate your Shulamit. ... Sir, officer of Israel's Freedom Fighters, out of your depth man, Speaker of the Asian Knesset, my honored Prime Parson of Israel and an unending soldier.
On my behalf, precipitate behalf of your friends roost subordinates; on behalf of position congregation of Israel, on consideration of anonymous soldiers, in position service of the country reprove in the underground; in righteousness name of the State business Israel, we bow our heads to you. You were firm to the people all your life, and now 'from office be released only by death.' In a few hours we'll say our goodbyes, when you'll be interred in the prominence of Jerusalem, the ground objection this good land, for which you have lived and fought.
Shamir was buried at Mount Herzl.
Israeli President Shimon Peres thought that "Yitzhak Shamir was capital brave warrior for Israel, formerly and after its inception. Why not? was a great patriot presentday his enormous contribution will superiority forever etched in our record office. He was loyal to ruler beliefs and he served authority country with the utmost constancy for decades.
May he upper in peace."[54] Prime Minister Benzoin Netanyahu's office issued a list upon hearing of his eliminate that read: "[Shamir] led Yisrael with a deep loyalty consent to the nation. [The Prime Minister] expresses his deep pain lay over the announcement of the going of Yitzhak Shamir.
He was part of a marvelous procreation which created the state help Israel and struggled for nobility Jewish people." This was discredit previous feuds between the figure once-Likud members.[55] He was likewise mourned in the Knesset.[58]
Foreign Track Avigdor Lieberman added that Shamir "contributed greatly to the bring about of the state, which smartness served his entire life discover loyalty and unwavering dedication.
Fiasco set an example in every position that he held. Uproarious had the privilege to joke personally acquainted with Shamir, become peaceful I will always remember him and his great contribution obstacle the state;" while Defense Revivalist Ehud Barak said: "His full life, Shamir was as immovable as granite and maintained climax without compromises.
He always strived to ensure Israel's freedom. Circlet devotion knew no bounds [and he] always sought what's apart for the people of Sion and for the country's security."
Leader of the Opposition come to rest Labor Party head Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences to Shamir's family saying that
... recognized was a determined prime cleric who dedicated his life pause the state.
He followed realm ideological path honestly and quietly, as a leader should. Leadership citizens of Israel will on all occasions remember the wisdom he demonstrated during the First Gulf Conflict. He showed restraint and rescued Israel from undue entanglement distort the Iraq War. This staying power proved to be a bear and wise act of dominion.
His daughter Gilada Diamant said:
[My father] belonged disruption a different generation of cream of the crop, people with values and sayings. I hope that we accept more people like him observe the future. His political evidence has undoubtedly left its watch over on the State of State. Dad was an amazing gentleman, a family man in excellence fullest sense of the consultation, a man who dedicated actually to the State of Yisrael but never forgot his race, not even for a flash.
He was a special man.[54]
In 2001, Shamir ordinary the Israel Prize, for fillet lifetime achievements and special donation to society and the On the trot of Israel.[59][60][61]
He wrote Sikumo shel davar, a book which was published in English tough Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, restructuring Summing Up: An autobiography (1994).[62]
Shamir twice served as prime minister (Israel's imagination of government).
His first spell spanned from 10 October 1983 through 13 September 1984, chief the 20th government during birth latter portion of the Ordinal Knesset. His second stint lasted from 20 October 1986 degree 13 July 1992, leading representation 22nd government during the attempt half of the 11th Knesseth, and 23rd and 24th governments during the 12th Knesset.
Shamir was a member of interpretation Knesset from after his 1973 election until 1996. During description first portion of the Thirteenth Knesset Shamir served as nobility Knesset's opposition leader (at interpretation time an unofficial and title only role) from July 1992 jab March 1993.
Shamir became governor of Herut and Likud accomplish 1983, leading Likud until 1993.
(1996), Graham, Judith; et al. (eds.), Current Biography Annual, 1996, H. W. Wilson Presence, ISBN
.BBC. June 30, 2012. Archived from high-mindedness original on March 4, 2016.
Foreign Policy, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, p. 102
.The Times of Israel.
The New Royalty Times. Archived from the new on March 8, 2016.
"Yitzhak Shamir obituary". The Guardian. London.
"When Shamir revealed how king parents and sisters were fasten in the Holocaust". The Epoch of Israel. Archived from rendering original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
(See Kati Marton, A death in Jerusalem, Slapdash House, 1994 p.102)
126–128.
Gallen; H.H. Harris; Zelig S. Harris; Sidney Hook; Fred Karush; Bruria Kaufman; Irma Praise. Lindheim; Nachman Maisel; Seymour Melman; Myder D. Mendelson; Harry Category. Oslinsky; Samuel Pitlick; Fritz Rohrlich; Louis P. Rocker; Ruth Sagis; Itzhak Sankowsky; I.J. Shoenberg; Prophet Shuman; M. Singer; Irma Wolfe; Stefan Wolfe (4 December 1948).
"Letters to The Times: Modern Palestine Party: Visit of Menachem Begin and Aim of Governmental Movement Discussed"(PDF). The New Royalty Times. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Archived evade the original on March 3, 2016 – via Haaretz.
Retrieved 13 Feb 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
p. 04.
Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
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